import base64
import os
import string
import sys
from datetime import datetime
import json
import re

from cryptography import x509
from cryptography.hazmat.backends import default_backend

from jinja2 import Template
from typing import List, Mapping
from urllib import parse
from moto.core.exceptions import RESTError
from moto.core import (
    DEFAULT_ACCOUNT_ID,
    BaseBackend,
    BaseModel,
    CloudFormationModel,
    BackendDict,
)
from moto.core.utils import (
    iso_8601_datetime_without_milliseconds,
    iso_8601_datetime_with_milliseconds,
    unix_time,
)
from moto.iam.policy_validation import (
    IAMPolicyDocumentValidator,
    IAMTrustPolicyDocumentValidator,
)
from moto.moto_api._internal import mock_random as random
from moto.utilities.utils import md5_hash

from .aws_managed_policies import aws_managed_policies_data
from .exceptions import (
    IAMNotFoundException,
    IAMConflictException,
    IAMReportNotPresentException,
    IAMLimitExceededException,
    MalformedCertificate,
    DuplicateTags,
    TagKeyTooBig,
    InvalidTagCharacters,
    TooManyTags,
    TagValueTooBig,
    EntityAlreadyExists,
    ValidationError,
    InvalidInput,
    NoSuchEntity,
)
from .utils import (
    random_access_key,
    random_alphanumeric,
    random_resource_id,
    random_policy_id,
    random_role_id,
    generate_access_key_id_from_account_id,
)
from ..utilities.tagging_service import TaggingService


# Map to convert service names used in ServiceLinkedRoles
# The PascalCase should be used as part of the RoleName
SERVICE_NAME_CONVERSION = {
    "autoscaling": "AutoScaling",
    "application-autoscaling": "ApplicationAutoScaling",
    "elasticbeanstalk": "ElasticBeanstalk",
}


def get_account_id_from(access_key: str) -> str:
    for account_id, account in iam_backends.items():
        if access_key in account["global"].access_keys:
            return account_id
    return DEFAULT_ACCOUNT_ID


def mark_account_as_visited(
    account_id: str, access_key: str, service: str, region: str
) -> None:
    account = iam_backends[account_id]
    if access_key in account["global"].access_keys:
        account["global"].access_keys[access_key].last_used = AccessKeyLastUsed(
            timestamp=datetime.utcnow(), service=service, region=region
        )
    else:
        # User provided access credentials unknown to us
        pass


LIMIT_KEYS_PER_USER = 2


class MFADevice(object):
    """MFA Device class."""

    def __init__(self, serial_number, authentication_code_1, authentication_code_2):
        self.enable_date = datetime.utcnow()
        self.serial_number = serial_number
        self.authentication_code_1 = authentication_code_1
        self.authentication_code_2 = authentication_code_2

    @property
    def enabled_iso_8601(self):
        return iso_8601_datetime_without_milliseconds(self.enable_date)


class VirtualMfaDevice(object):
    def __init__(self, account_id, device_name):
        self.serial_number = f"arn:aws:iam::{account_id}:mfa{device_name}"

        random_base32_string = "".join(
            random.choice(string.ascii_uppercase + "234567") for _ in range(64)
        )
        self.base32_string_seed = base64.b64encode(
            random_base32_string.encode("ascii")
        ).decode("ascii")
        self.qr_code_png = base64.b64encode(os.urandom(64)).decode(
            "ascii"
        )  # this would be a generated PNG

        self.enable_date = None
        self.user_attribute = None
        self.user = None

    @property
    def enabled_iso_8601(self):
        return iso_8601_datetime_without_milliseconds(self.enable_date)


class Policy(CloudFormationModel):

    # Note: This class does not implement the CloudFormation support for AWS::IAM::Policy, as that CF resource
    #  is for creating *inline* policies.  That is done in class InlinePolicy.

    is_attachable = False

    def __init__(
        self,
        name,
        account_id,
        default_version_id=None,
        description=None,
        document=None,
        path=None,
        create_date=None,
        update_date=None,
        tags=None,
    ):
        self.name = name
        self.account_id = account_id
        self.attachment_count = 0
        self.description = description or ""
        self.id = random_policy_id()
        self.path = path or "/"
        self.tags = tags

        if default_version_id:
            self.default_version_id = default_version_id
            self.next_version_num = int(default_version_id.lstrip("v")) + 1
        else:
            self.default_version_id = "v1"
            self.next_version_num = 2
        self.versions = [
            PolicyVersion(
                self.arn, document, True, self.default_version_id, update_date
            )
        ]

        self.create_date = create_date if create_date is not None else datetime.utcnow()
        self.update_date = update_date if update_date is not None else datetime.utcnow()

    def update_default_version(self, new_default_version_id):
        for version in self.versions:
            if version.version_id == new_default_version_id:
                version.is_default = True
            if version.version_id == self.default_version_id:
                version.is_default = False
        self.default_version_id = new_default_version_id

    @property
    def created_iso_8601(self):
        return iso_8601_datetime_with_milliseconds(self.create_date)

    @property
    def updated_iso_8601(self):
        return iso_8601_datetime_with_milliseconds(self.update_date)

    def get_tags(self):
        return [self.tags[tag] for tag in self.tags]


class SAMLProvider(BaseModel):
    def __init__(self, account_id, name, saml_metadata_document=None):
        self.account_id = account_id
        self.name = name
        self.saml_metadata_document = saml_metadata_document

    @property
    def arn(self):
        return f"arn:aws:iam::{self.account_id}:saml-provider/{self.name}"


class OpenIDConnectProvider(BaseModel):
    def __init__(
        self, account_id, url, thumbprint_list, client_id_list=None, tags=None
    ):
        self._errors = []
        self._validate(url, thumbprint_list, client_id_list)

        self.account_id = account_id
        parsed_url = parse.urlparse(url)
        self.url = parsed_url.netloc + parsed_url.path
        self.thumbprint_list = thumbprint_list
        self.client_id_list = client_id_list
        self.create_date = datetime.utcnow()
        self.tags = tags

    @property
    def arn(self):
        return f"arn:aws:iam::{self.account_id}:oidc-provider/{self.url}"

    @property
    def created_iso_8601(self):
        return iso_8601_datetime_without_milliseconds(self.create_date)

    def _validate(self, url, thumbprint_list, client_id_list):
        if any(len(client_id) > 255 for client_id in client_id_list):
            self._errors.append(
                self._format_error(
                    key="clientIDList",
                    value=client_id_list,
                    constraint="Member must satisfy constraint: "
                    "[Member must have length less than or equal to 255, "
                    "Member must have length greater than or equal to 1]",
                )
            )

        if any(len(thumbprint) > 40 for thumbprint in thumbprint_list):
            self._errors.append(
                self._format_error(
                    key="thumbprintList",
                    value=thumbprint_list,
                    constraint="Member must satisfy constraint: "
                    "[Member must have length less than or equal to 40, "
                    "Member must have length greater than or equal to 40]",
                )
            )

        if len(url) > 255:
            self._errors.append(
                self._format_error(
                    key="url",
                    value=url,
                    constraint="Member must have length less than or equal to 255",
                )
            )

        self._raise_errors()

        parsed_url = parse.urlparse(url)
        if not parsed_url.scheme or not parsed_url.netloc:
            raise ValidationError("Invalid Open ID Connect Provider URL")

        if len(thumbprint_list) > 5:
            raise InvalidInput("Thumbprint list must contain fewer than 5 entries.")

        if len(client_id_list) > 100:
            raise IAMLimitExceededException(
                "Cannot exceed quota for ClientIdsPerOpenIdConnectProvider: 100"
            )

    def _format_error(self, key, value, constraint):
        return f'Value "{value}" at "{key}" failed to satisfy constraint: {constraint}'

    def _raise_errors(self):
        if self._errors:
            count = len(self._errors)
            plural = "s" if len(self._errors) > 1 else ""
            errors = "; ".join(self._errors)
            self._errors = []  # reset collected errors

            raise ValidationError(
                f"{count} validation error{plural} detected: {errors}"
            )

    def get_tags(self):
        return [self.tags[tag] for tag in self.tags]


class PolicyVersion(object):
    def __init__(
        self, policy_arn, document, is_default=False, version_id="v1", create_date=None
    ):
        self.policy_arn = policy_arn
        self.document = document or {}
        self.is_default = is_default
        self.version_id = version_id

        self.create_date = create_date if create_date is not None else datetime.utcnow()

    @property
    def created_iso_8601(self):
        return iso_8601_datetime_with_milliseconds(self.create_date)


class ManagedPolicy(Policy, CloudFormationModel):
    """Managed policy."""

    @property
    def backend(self):
        return iam_backends[self.account_id]["global"]

    is_attachable = True

    def attach_to(self, obj):
        self.attachment_count += 1
        obj.managed_policies[self.arn] = self

    def detach_from(self, obj):
        self.attachment_count -= 1
        del obj.managed_policies[self.arn]

    @property
    def arn(self):
        return f"arn:aws:iam::{self.account_id}:policy{self.path}{self.name}"

    def to_config_dict(self):
        return {
            "version": "1.3",
            "configurationItemCaptureTime": str(self.create_date),
            "configurationItemStatus": "OK",
            "configurationStateId": str(int(unix_time())),
            "arn": f"arn:aws:iam::{self.account_id}:policy/{self.name}",
            "resourceType": "AWS::IAM::Policy",
            "resourceId": self.id,
            "resourceName": self.name,
            "awsRegion": "global",
            "availabilityZone": "Not Applicable",
            "resourceCreationTime": str(self.create_date),
            "tags": self.tags,
            "configuration": {
                "policyName": self.name,
                "policyId": self.id,
                "arn": f"arn:aws:iam::{self.account_id}:policy/{self.name}",
                "path": self.path,
                "defaultVersionId": self.default_version_id,
                "attachmentCount": self.attachment_count,
                "permissionsBoundaryUsageCount": 0,
                "isAttachable": ManagedPolicy.is_attachable,
                "description": self.description,
                "createDate": str(self.create_date.isoformat()),
                "updateDate": str(self.create_date.isoformat()),
                "tags": list(
                    map(
                        lambda key: {"key": key, "value": self.tags[key]["Value"]},
                        self.tags,
                    )
                ),
                "policyVersionList": list(
                    map(
                        lambda version: {
                            "document": parse.quote(version.document),
                            "versionId": version.version_id,
                            "isDefaultVersion": version.is_default,
                            "createDate": str(version.create_date),
                        },
                        self.versions,
                    )
                ),
            },
            "supplementaryConfiguration": {},
        }

    @staticmethod
    def cloudformation_name_type():
        return None  # Resource never gets named after by template PolicyName!

    @staticmethod
    def cloudformation_type():
        return "AWS::IAM::ManagedPolicy"

    @classmethod
    def create_from_cloudformation_json(
        cls, resource_name, cloudformation_json, account_id, region_name, **kwargs
    ):
        properties = cloudformation_json.get("Properties", {})
        policy_document = json.dumps(properties.get("PolicyDocument"))
        name = properties.get("ManagedPolicyName", resource_name)
        description = properties.get("Description")
        path = properties.get("Path")
        group_names = properties.get("Groups", [])
        user_names = properties.get("Users", [])
        role_names = properties.get("Roles", [])
        tags = properties.get("Tags", {})

        policy = iam_backends[account_id]["global"].create_policy(
            description=description,
            path=path,
            policy_document=policy_document,
            policy_name=name,
            tags=tags,
        )
        for group_name in group_names:
            iam_backends[account_id]["global"].attach_group_policy(
                group_name=group_name, policy_arn=policy.arn
            )
        for user_name in user_names:
            iam_backends[account_id]["global"].attach_user_policy(
                user_name=user_name, policy_arn=policy.arn
            )
        for role_name in role_names:
            iam_backends[account_id]["global"].attach_role_policy(
                role_name=role_name, policy_arn=policy.arn
            )
        return policy

    @property
    def physical_resource_id(self):
        return self.arn


class AWSManagedPolicy(ManagedPolicy):
    """AWS-managed policy."""

    @classmethod
    def from_data(cls, name, account_id, data):
        return cls(
            name,
            account_id=account_id,
            default_version_id=data.get("DefaultVersionId"),
            path=data.get("Path"),
            document=json.dumps(data.get("Document")),
            create_date=datetime.strptime(
                data.get("CreateDate"), "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S+00:00"
            ),
            update_date=datetime.strptime(
                data.get("UpdateDate"), "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S+00:00"
            ),
        )

    @property
    def arn(self):
        return f"arn:aws:iam::aws:policy{self.path}{self.name}"


class InlinePolicy(CloudFormationModel):
    # Represents an Inline Policy created by CloudFormation
    def __init__(
        self,
        resource_name,
        policy_name,
        policy_document,
        group_names,
        role_names,
        user_names,
    ):
        self.name = resource_name
        self.policy_name = None
        self.policy_document = None
        self.group_names = None
        self.role_names = None
        self.user_names = None
        self.update(policy_name, policy_document, group_names, role_names, user_names)

    def update(self, policy_name, policy_document, group_names, role_names, user_names):
        self.policy_name = policy_name
        self.policy_document = (
            json.dumps(policy_document)
            if isinstance(policy_document, dict)
            else policy_document
        )
        self.group_names = group_names
        self.role_names = role_names
        self.user_names = user_names

    @staticmethod
    def cloudformation_name_type():
        return None  # Resource never gets named after by template PolicyName!

    @staticmethod
    def cloudformation_type():
        return "AWS::IAM::Policy"

    @classmethod
    def create_from_cloudformation_json(
        cls, resource_name, cloudformation_json, account_id, region_name, **kwargs
    ):
        properties = cloudformation_json.get("Properties", {})
        policy_document = properties.get("PolicyDocument")
        policy_name = properties.get("PolicyName")
        user_names = properties.get("Users")
        role_names = properties.get("Roles")
        group_names = properties.get("Groups")

        return iam_backends[account_id]["global"].create_inline_policy(
            resource_name,
            policy_name,
            policy_document,
            group_names,
            role_names,
            user_names,
        )

    @classmethod
    def update_from_cloudformation_json(
        cls,
        original_resource,
        new_resource_name,
        cloudformation_json,
        account_id,
        region_name,
    ):
        properties = cloudformation_json["Properties"]

        if cls.is_replacement_update(properties):
            resource_name_property = cls.cloudformation_name_type()
            if resource_name_property not in properties:
                properties[resource_name_property] = new_resource_name
            new_resource = cls.create_from_cloudformation_json(
                properties[resource_name_property],
                cloudformation_json,
                account_id,
                region_name,
            )
            properties[resource_name_property] = original_resource.name
            cls.delete_from_cloudformation_json(
                original_resource.name, cloudformation_json, account_id, region_name
            )
            return new_resource

        else:  # No Interruption
            properties = cloudformation_json.get("Properties", {})
            policy_document = properties.get("PolicyDocument")
            policy_name = properties.get("PolicyName", original_resource.name)
            user_names = properties.get("Users")
            role_names = properties.get("Roles")
            group_names = properties.get("Groups")

            return iam_backends[account_id]["global"].update_inline_policy(
                original_resource.name,
                policy_name,
                policy_document,
                group_names,
                role_names,
                user_names,
            )

    @classmethod
    def delete_from_cloudformation_json(
        cls, resource_name, cloudformation_json, account_id, region_name
    ):
        iam_backends[account_id]["global"].delete_inline_policy(resource_name)

    @staticmethod
    def is_replacement_update(properties):
        properties_requiring_replacement_update = []
        return any(
            [
                property_requiring_replacement in properties
                for property_requiring_replacement in properties_requiring_replacement_update
            ]
        )

    @property
    def physical_resource_id(self):
        return self.name

    def apply_policy(self, backend):
        if self.user_names:
            for user_name in self.user_names:
                backend.put_user_policy(
                    user_name, self.policy_name, self.policy_document
                )
        if self.role_names:
            for role_name in self.role_names:
                backend.put_role_policy(
                    role_name, self.policy_name, self.policy_document
                )
        if self.group_names:
            for group_name in self.group_names:
                backend.put_group_policy(
                    group_name, self.policy_name, self.policy_document
                )

    def unapply_policy(self, backend):
        if self.user_names:
            for user_name in self.user_names:
                backend.delete_user_policy(user_name, self.policy_name)
        if self.role_names:
            for role_name in self.role_names:
                backend.delete_role_policy(role_name, self.policy_name)
        if self.group_names:
            for group_name in self.group_names:
                backend.delete_group_policy(group_name, self.policy_name)


class Role(CloudFormationModel):
    def __init__(
        self,
        account_id,
        role_id,
        name,
        assume_role_policy_document,
        path,
        permissions_boundary,
        description,
        tags,
        max_session_duration,
        linked_service=None,
    ):
        self.account_id = account_id
        self.id = role_id
        self.name = name
        self.assume_role_policy_document = assume_role_policy_document
        self.path = path or "/"
        self.policies = {}
        self.managed_policies = {}
        self.create_date = datetime.utcnow()
        self.tags = tags
        self.last_used = None
        self.last_used_region = None
        self.description = description
        self.permissions_boundary = permissions_boundary
        self.max_session_duration = max_session_duration
        self._linked_service = linked_service

    @property
    def created_iso_8601(self):
        return iso_8601_datetime_with_milliseconds(self.create_date)

    @property
    def last_used_iso_8601(self):
        if self.last_used:
            return iso_8601_datetime_with_milliseconds(self.last_used)

    @staticmethod
    def cloudformation_name_type():
        return "RoleName"

    @staticmethod
    def cloudformation_type():
        # https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSCloudFormation/latest/UserGuide/aws-resource-iam-role.html
        return "AWS::IAM::Role"

    @classmethod
    def create_from_cloudformation_json(
        cls, resource_name, cloudformation_json, account_id, region_name, **kwargs
    ):
        properties = cloudformation_json["Properties"]
        role_name = properties.get("RoleName", resource_name)

        iam_backend = iam_backends[account_id]["global"]
        role = iam_backend.create_role(
            role_name=role_name,
            assume_role_policy_document=properties["AssumeRolePolicyDocument"],
            path=properties.get("Path", "/"),
            permissions_boundary=properties.get("PermissionsBoundary", ""),
            description=properties.get("Description", ""),
            tags=properties.get("Tags", {}),
            max_session_duration=properties.get("MaxSessionDuration", 3600),
        )

        policies = properties.get("Policies", [])
        for policy in policies:
            policy_name = policy["PolicyName"]
            policy_json = policy["PolicyDocument"]
            role.put_policy(policy_name, policy_json)

        return role

    @classmethod
    def delete_from_cloudformation_json(
        cls, resource_name, cloudformation_json, account_id, region_name
    ):
        backend = iam_backends[account_id]["global"]
        for profile in backend.instance_profiles.values():
            profile.delete_role(role_name=resource_name)

        for role in backend.roles.values():
            if role.name == resource_name:
                for arn in role.policies.keys():
                    role.delete_policy(arn)
        backend.delete_role(resource_name)

    @property
    def arn(self):
        if self._linked_service:
            return f"arn:aws:iam::{self.account_id}:role/aws-service-role/{self._linked_service}/{self.name}"
        return f"arn:aws:iam::{self.account_id}:role{self.path}{self.name}"

    def to_config_dict(self):
        _managed_policies = []
        for key in self.managed_policies.keys():
            _managed_policies.append(
                {
                    "policyArn": key,
                    "policyName": iam_backends[self.account_id]["global"]
                    .managed_policies[key]
                    .name,
                }
            )

        _role_policy_list = []
        for key, value in self.policies.items():
            _role_policy_list.append(
                {"policyName": key, "policyDocument": parse.quote(value)}
            )

        _instance_profiles = []
        for key, instance_profile in iam_backends[self.account_id][
            "global"
        ].instance_profiles.items():
            for _ in instance_profile.roles:
                _instance_profiles.append(instance_profile.to_embedded_config_dict())
                break

        config_dict = {
            "version": "1.3",
            "configurationItemCaptureTime": str(self.create_date),
            "configurationItemStatus": "ResourceDiscovered",
            "configurationStateId": str(int(unix_time())),
            "arn": f"arn:aws:iam::{self.account_id}:role/{self.name}",
            "resourceType": "AWS::IAM::Role",
            "resourceId": self.name,
            "resourceName": self.name,
            "awsRegion": "global",
            "availabilityZone": "Not Applicable",
            "resourceCreationTime": str(self.create_date),
            "relatedEvents": [],
            "relationships": [],
            "tags": self.tags,
            "configuration": {
                "path": self.path,
                "roleName": self.name,
                "roleId": self.id,
                "arn": f"arn:aws:iam::{self.account_id}:role/{self.name}",
                "assumeRolePolicyDocument": parse.quote(
                    self.assume_role_policy_document
                )
                if self.assume_role_policy_document
                else None,
                "instanceProfileList": _instance_profiles,
                "rolePolicyList": _role_policy_list,
                "createDate": self.create_date.isoformat(),
                "attachedManagedPolicies": _managed_policies,
                "permissionsBoundary": self.permissions_boundary,
                "tags": list(
                    map(
                        lambda key: {"key": key, "value": self.tags[key]["Value"]},
                        self.tags,
                    )
                ),
                "roleLastUsed": None,
            },
            "supplementaryConfiguration": {},
        }
        return config_dict

    def put_policy(self, policy_name, policy_json):
        self.policies[policy_name] = policy_json

    def delete_policy(self, policy_name):
        try:
            del self.policies[policy_name]
        except KeyError:
            raise IAMNotFoundException(
                f"The role policy with name {policy_name} cannot be found."
            )

    @property
    def physical_resource_id(self):
        return self.name

    @classmethod
    def has_cfn_attr(cls, attr):
        return attr in ["Arn"]

    def get_cfn_attribute(self, attribute_name):
        from moto.cloudformation.exceptions import UnformattedGetAttTemplateException

        if attribute_name == "Arn":
            return self.arn
        raise UnformattedGetAttTemplateException()

    def get_tags(self):
        return [self.tags[tag] for tag in self.tags]

    @property
    def description_escaped(self):
        import html

        return html.escape(self.description or "")

    def to_xml(self):
        template = Template(
            """<Role>
      <Path>{{ role.path }}</Path>
      <Arn>{{ role.arn }}</Arn>
      <RoleName>{{ role.name }}</RoleName>
      <AssumeRolePolicyDocument>{{ role.assume_role_policy_document }}</AssumeRolePolicyDocument>
      {% if role.description is not none %}
      <Description>{{ role.description_escaped }}</Description>
      {% endif %}
      <CreateDate>{{ role.created_iso_8601 }}</CreateDate>
      <RoleId>{{ role.id }}</RoleId>
      {% if role.max_session_duration %}
      <MaxSessionDuration>{{ role.max_session_duration }}</MaxSessionDuration>
      {% endif %}
      {% if role.permissions_boundary %}
      <PermissionsBoundary>
          <PermissionsBoundaryType>PermissionsBoundaryPolicy</PermissionsBoundaryType>
          <PermissionsBoundaryArn>{{ role.permissions_boundary }}</PermissionsBoundaryArn>
      </PermissionsBoundary>
      {% endif %}
      {% if role.tags %}
      <Tags>
        {% for tag in role.get_tags() %}
        <member>
            <Key>{{ tag['Key'] }}</Key>
            <Value>{{ tag['Value'] }}</Value>
        </member>
        {% endfor %}
      </Tags>
      {% endif %}
      <RoleLastUsed>
        {% if role.last_used %}
        <LastUsedDate>{{ role.last_used_iso_8601 }}</LastUsedDate>
        {% endif %}
        {% if role.last_used_region %}
        <Region>{{ role.last_used_region }}</Region>
        {% endif %}
      </RoleLastUsed>
    </Role>"""
        )
        return template.render(role=self)


class InstanceProfile(CloudFormationModel):
    def __init__(self, account_id, instance_profile_id, name, path, roles, tags=None):
        self.id = instance_profile_id
        self.account_id = account_id
        self.name = name
        self.path = path or "/"
        self.roles = roles if roles else []
        self.create_date = datetime.utcnow()
        self.tags = {tag["Key"]: tag["Value"] for tag in tags or []}

    @property
    def created_iso_8601(self):
        return iso_8601_datetime_with_milliseconds(self.create_date)

    @staticmethod
    def cloudformation_name_type():
        return "InstanceProfileName"

    @staticmethod
    def cloudformation_type():
        # https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSCloudFormation/latest/UserGuide/aws-resource-iam-instanceprofile.html
        return "AWS::IAM::InstanceProfile"

    @classmethod
    def create_from_cloudformation_json(
        cls, resource_name, cloudformation_json, account_id, region_name, **kwargs
    ):
        properties = cloudformation_json["Properties"]

        role_names = properties["Roles"]
        return iam_backends[account_id]["global"].create_instance_profile(
            name=resource_name,
            path=properties.get("Path", "/"),
            role_names=role_names,
        )

    @classmethod
    def delete_from_cloudformation_json(
        cls, resource_name, cloudformation_json, account_id, region_name
    ):
        iam_backends[account_id]["global"].delete_instance_profile(resource_name)

    def delete_role(self, role_name):
        self.roles = [role for role in self.roles if role.name != role_name]

    @property
    def arn(self):
        return f"arn:aws:iam::{self.account_id}:instance-profile{self.path}{self.name}"

    @property
    def physical_resource_id(self):
        return self.name

    @classmethod
    def has_cfn_attr(cls, attr):
        return attr in ["Arn"]

    def get_cfn_attribute(self, attribute_name):
        from moto.cloudformation.exceptions import UnformattedGetAttTemplateException

        if attribute_name == "Arn":
            return self.arn
        raise UnformattedGetAttTemplateException()

    def to_embedded_config_dict(self):
        # Instance Profiles aren't a config item itself, but they are returned in IAM roles with
        # a "config like" json structure It's also different than Role.to_config_dict()
        roles = []
        for role in self.roles:
            roles.append(
                {
                    "path": role.path,
                    "roleName": role.name,
                    "roleId": role.id,
                    "arn": f"arn:aws:iam::{self.account_id}:role/{role.name}",
                    "createDate": str(role.create_date),
                    "assumeRolePolicyDocument": parse.quote(
                        role.assume_role_policy_document
                    ),
                    "description": role.description,
                    "maxSessionDuration": None,
                    "permissionsBoundary": role.permissions_boundary,
                    "tags": list(
                        map(
                            lambda key: {"key": key, "value": role.tags[key]["Value"]},
                            role.tags,
                        )
                    ),
                    "roleLastUsed": None,
                }
            )

        return {
            "path": self.path,
            "instanceProfileName": self.name,
            "instanceProfileId": self.id,
            "arn": f"arn:aws:iam::{self.account_id}:instance-profile/{role.name}",
            "createDate": str(self.create_date),
            "roles": roles,
        }


class Certificate(BaseModel):
    def __init__(
        self, account_id, cert_name, cert_body, private_key, cert_chain=None, path=None
    ):
        self.account_id = account_id
        self.cert_name = cert_name
        if cert_body:
            cert_body = cert_body.rstrip()
        self.cert_body = cert_body
        self.private_key = private_key
        self.path = path if path else "/"
        self.cert_chain = cert_chain

    @property
    def physical_resource_id(self):
        return self.name

    @property
    def arn(self):
        return f"arn:aws:iam::{self.account_id}:server-certificate{self.path}{self.cert_name}"


class SigningCertificate(BaseModel):
    def __init__(self, certificate_id, user_name, body):
        self.id = certificate_id
        self.user_name = user_name
        self.body = body
        self.upload_date = datetime.utcnow()
        self.status = "Active"

    @property
    def uploaded_iso_8601(self):
        return iso_8601_datetime_without_milliseconds(self.upload_date)


class AccessKeyLastUsed:
    def __init__(self, timestamp, service, region):
        self._timestamp = timestamp
        self.service = service
        self.region = region

    @property
    def timestamp(self):
        return iso_8601_datetime_without_milliseconds(self._timestamp)


class AccessKey(CloudFormationModel):
    def __init__(self, user_name, prefix, account_id, status="Active"):
        self.user_name = user_name
        self.access_key_id = generate_access_key_id_from_account_id(
            account_id, prefix=prefix, total_length=20
        )
        self.secret_access_key = random_alphanumeric(40)
        self.status = status
        self.create_date = datetime.utcnow()
        self.last_used: AccessKeyLastUsed = None

    @property
    def created_iso_8601(self):
        return iso_8601_datetime_without_milliseconds(self.create_date)

    @classmethod
    def has_cfn_attr(cls, attr):
        return attr in ["SecretAccessKey"]

    def get_cfn_attribute(self, attribute_name):
        from moto.cloudformation.exceptions import UnformattedGetAttTemplateException

        if attribute_name == "SecretAccessKey":
            return self.secret_access_key
        raise UnformattedGetAttTemplateException()

    @staticmethod
    def cloudformation_name_type():
        return None  # Resource never gets named after by template PolicyName!

    @staticmethod
    def cloudformation_type():
        return "AWS::IAM::AccessKey"

    @classmethod
    def create_from_cloudformation_json(
        cls, resource_name, cloudformation_json, account_id, region_name, **kwargs
    ):
        properties = cloudformation_json.get("Properties", {})
        user_name = properties.get("UserName")
        status = properties.get("Status", "Active")

        return iam_backends[account_id]["global"].create_access_key(
            user_name, status=status
        )

    @classmethod
    def update_from_cloudformation_json(
        cls,
        original_resource,
        new_resource_name,
        cloudformation_json,
        account_id,
        region_name,
    ):
        properties = cloudformation_json["Properties"]

        if cls.is_replacement_update(properties):
            new_resource = cls.create_from_cloudformation_json(
                new_resource_name, cloudformation_json, account_id, region_name
            )
            cls.delete_from_cloudformation_json(
                original_resource.physical_resource_id,
                cloudformation_json,
                account_id,
                region_name,
            )
            return new_resource

        else:  # No Interruption
            properties = cloudformation_json.get("Properties", {})
            status = properties.get("Status")
            return iam_backends[account_id]["global"].update_access_key(
                original_resource.user_name, original_resource.access_key_id, status
            )

    @classmethod
    def delete_from_cloudformation_json(
        cls, resource_name, cloudformation_json, account_id, region_name
    ):
        iam_backends[account_id]["global"].delete_access_key_by_name(resource_name)

    @staticmethod
    def is_replacement_update(properties):
        properties_requiring_replacement_update = ["Serial", "UserName"]
        return any(
            [
                property_requiring_replacement in properties
                for property_requiring_replacement in properties_requiring_replacement_update
            ]
        )

    @property
    def physical_resource_id(self):
        return self.access_key_id


class SshPublicKey(BaseModel):
    def __init__(self, user_name, ssh_public_key_body):
        self.user_name = user_name
        self.ssh_public_key_body = ssh_public_key_body
        self.ssh_public_key_id = "APKA" + random_access_key()
        self.fingerprint = md5_hash(ssh_public_key_body.encode()).hexdigest()
        self.status = "Active"
        self.upload_date = datetime.utcnow()

    @property
    def uploaded_iso_8601(self):
        return iso_8601_datetime_without_milliseconds(self.upload_date)


class Group(BaseModel):
    def __init__(self, account_id, name, path="/"):
        self.account_id = account_id
        self.name = name
        self.id = random_resource_id()
        self.path = path
        self.create_date = datetime.utcnow()

        self.users = []
        self.managed_policies = {}
        self.policies = {}

    @property
    def created_iso_8601(self):
        return iso_8601_datetime_with_milliseconds(self.create_date)

    @classmethod
    def has_cfn_attr(cls, attr):
        return attr in ["Arn"]

    def get_cfn_attribute(self, attribute_name):
        from moto.cloudformation.exceptions import UnformattedGetAttTemplateException

        if attribute_name == "Arn":
            raise NotImplementedError('"Fn::GetAtt" : [ "{0}" , "Arn" ]"')
        raise UnformattedGetAttTemplateException()

    @property
    def arn(self):
        if self.path == "/":
            return f"arn:aws:iam::{self.account_id}:group/{self.name}"

        else:
            return f"arn:aws:iam::{self.account_id}:group/{self.path}/{self.name}"

    def get_policy(self, policy_name):
        try:
            policy_json = self.policies[policy_name]
        except KeyError:
            raise IAMNotFoundException(f"Policy {policy_name} not found")

        return {
            "policy_name": policy_name,
            "policy_document": policy_json,
            "group_name": self.name,
        }

    def put_policy(self, policy_name, policy_json):
        self.policies[policy_name] = policy_json

    def list_policies(self):
        return self.policies.keys()

    def delete_policy(self, policy_name):
        if policy_name not in self.policies:
            raise IAMNotFoundException(f"Policy {policy_name} not found")

        del self.policies[policy_name]


class User(CloudFormationModel):
    def __init__(self, account_id, name, path=None):
        self.account_id = account_id
        self.name = name
        self.id = random_resource_id()
        self.path = path if path else "/"
        self.create_date = datetime.utcnow()
        self.mfa_devices = {}
        self.policies = {}
        self.managed_policies = {}
        self.access_keys: Mapping[str, AccessKey] = []
        self.ssh_public_keys = []
        self.password = None
        self.password_last_used = None
        self.password_reset_required = False
        self.signing_certificates = {}

    @property
    def arn(self):
        return f"arn:aws:iam::{self.account_id}:user{self.path}{self.name}"

    @property
    def created_iso_8601(self):
        return iso_8601_datetime_with_milliseconds(self.create_date)

    def get_policy(self, policy_name):
        policy_json = None
        try:
            policy_json = self.policies[policy_name]
        except KeyError:
            raise IAMNotFoundException(f"Policy {policy_name} not found")

        return {
            "policy_name": policy_name,
            "policy_document": policy_json,
            "user_name": self.name,
        }

    def put_policy(self, policy_name, policy_json):
        self.policies[policy_name] = policy_json

    def deactivate_mfa_device(self, serial_number):
        self.mfa_devices.pop(serial_number)

    def delete_policy(self, policy_name):
        if policy_name not in self.policies:
            raise IAMNotFoundException(f"Policy {policy_name} not found")

        del self.policies[policy_name]

    def create_access_key(self, prefix, status="Active") -> AccessKey:
        access_key = AccessKey(
            self.name, prefix=prefix, status=status, account_id=self.account_id
        )
        self.access_keys.append(access_key)
        return access_key

    def enable_mfa_device(
        self, serial_number, authentication_code_1, authentication_code_2
    ):
        self.mfa_devices[serial_number] = MFADevice(
            serial_number, authentication_code_1, authentication_code_2
        )

    def get_all_access_keys(self):
        return self.access_keys

    def delete_access_key(self, access_key_id):
        key = self.get_access_key_by_id(access_key_id)
        self.access_keys.remove(key)

    def update_access_key(self, access_key_id, status=None):
        key = self.get_access_key_by_id(access_key_id)
        if status is not None:
            key.status = status
        return key

    def get_access_key_by_id(self, access_key_id):
        for key in self.access_keys:
            if key.access_key_id == access_key_id:
                return key

        raise IAMNotFoundException(
            f"The Access Key with id {access_key_id} cannot be found"
        )

    def has_access_key(self, access_key_id):
        return any(
            [
                access_key
                for access_key in self.access_keys
                if access_key.access_key_id == access_key_id
            ]
        )

    def upload_ssh_public_key(self, ssh_public_key_body):
        pubkey = SshPublicKey(self.name, ssh_public_key_body)
        self.ssh_public_keys.append(pubkey)
        return pubkey

    def get_ssh_public_key(self, ssh_public_key_id):
        for key in self.ssh_public_keys:
            if key.ssh_public_key_id == ssh_public_key_id:
                return key

        raise IAMNotFoundException(
            f"The SSH Public Key with id {ssh_public_key_id} cannot be found"
        )

    def get_all_ssh_public_keys(self):
        return self.ssh_public_keys

    def update_ssh_public_key(self, ssh_public_key_id, status):
        key = self.get_ssh_public_key(ssh_public_key_id)
        key.status = status

    def delete_ssh_public_key(self, ssh_public_key_id):
        key = self.get_ssh_public_key(ssh_public_key_id)
        self.ssh_public_keys.remove(key)

    @classmethod
    def has_cfn_attr(cls, attr):
        return attr in ["Arn"]

    def get_cfn_attribute(self, attribute_name):
        from moto.cloudformation.exceptions import UnformattedGetAttTemplateException

        if attribute_name == "Arn":
            return self.arn
        raise UnformattedGetAttTemplateException()

    def to_csv(self):
        date_format = "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S+00:00"
        date_created = self.create_date
        # aagrawal,arn:aws:iam::509284790694:user/aagrawal,2014-09-01T22:28:48+00:00,true,2014-11-12T23:36:49+00:00,2014-09-03T18:59:00+00:00,N/A,false,true,2014-09-01T22:28:48+00:00,false,N/A,false,N/A,false,N/A
        if not self.password:
            password_enabled = "false"
            password_last_used = "not_supported"
        else:
            password_enabled = "true"
            password_last_used = "no_information"
            if self.password_last_used:
                password_last_used = self.password_last_used.strftime(date_format)

        if len(self.access_keys) == 0:
            access_key_1_active = "false"
            access_key_1_last_rotated = "N/A"
            access_key_1_last_used = "N/A"
            access_key_2_active = "false"
            access_key_2_last_rotated = "N/A"
            access_key_2_last_used = "N/A"
        elif len(self.access_keys) == 1:
            access_key_1_active = (
                "true" if self.access_keys[0].status == "Active" else "false"
            )
            access_key_1_last_rotated = self.access_keys[0].create_date.strftime(
                date_format
            )
            access_key_1_last_used = (
                "N/A"
                if self.access_keys[0].last_used is None
                else self.access_keys[0].last_used.strftime(date_format)
            )
            access_key_2_active = "false"
            access_key_2_last_rotated = "N/A"
            access_key_2_last_used = "N/A"
        else:
            access_key_1_active = (
                "true" if self.access_keys[0].status == "Active" else "false"
            )
            access_key_1_last_rotated = self.access_keys[0].create_date.strftime(
                date_format
            )
            access_key_1_last_used = (
                "N/A"
                if self.access_keys[0].last_used is None
                else self.access_keys[0].last_used.strftime(date_format)
            )
            access_key_2_active = (
                "true" if self.access_keys[1].status == "Active" else "false"
            )
            access_key_2_last_rotated = self.access_keys[1].create_date.strftime(
                date_format
            )
            access_key_2_last_used = (
                "N/A"
                if self.access_keys[1].last_used is None
                else self.access_keys[1].last_used.strftime(date_format)
            )

        fields = [
            self.name,
            self.arn,
            date_created.strftime(date_format),
            password_enabled,
            password_last_used,
            date_created.strftime(date_format),
            "not_supported",
            "true" if len(self.mfa_devices) else "false",
            access_key_1_active,
            access_key_1_last_rotated,
            access_key_1_last_used,
            "not_supported",
            "not_supported",
            access_key_2_active,
            access_key_2_last_rotated,
            access_key_2_last_used,
            "not_supported",
            "not_supported",
            "false",
            "N/A",
            "false",
            "N/A",
        ]
        return ",".join(fields) + "\n"

    @staticmethod
    def cloudformation_name_type():
        return "UserName"

    @staticmethod
    def cloudformation_type():
        return "AWS::IAM::User"

    @classmethod
    def create_from_cloudformation_json(
        cls, resource_name, cloudformation_json, account_id, region_name, **kwargs
    ):
        properties = cloudformation_json.get("Properties", {})
        path = properties.get("Path")
        user, _ = iam_backends[account_id]["global"].create_user(resource_name, path)
        return user

    @classmethod
    def update_from_cloudformation_json(
        cls,
        original_resource,
        new_resource_name,
        cloudformation_json,
        account_id,
        region_name,
    ):
        properties = cloudformation_json["Properties"]

        if cls.is_replacement_update(properties):
            resource_name_property = cls.cloudformation_name_type()
            if resource_name_property not in properties:
                properties[resource_name_property] = new_resource_name
            new_resource = cls.create_from_cloudformation_json(
                properties[resource_name_property],
                cloudformation_json,
                account_id,
                region_name,
            )
            properties[resource_name_property] = original_resource.name
            cls.delete_from_cloudformation_json(
                original_resource.name, cloudformation_json, account_id, region_name
            )
            return new_resource

        else:  # No Interruption
            if "Path" in properties:
                original_resource.path = properties["Path"]
            return original_resource

    @classmethod
    def delete_from_cloudformation_json(
        cls, resource_name, cloudformation_json, account_id, region_name
    ):
        iam_backends[account_id]["global"].delete_user(resource_name)

    @staticmethod
    def is_replacement_update(properties):
        properties_requiring_replacement_update = ["UserName"]
        return any(
            [
                property_requiring_replacement in properties
                for property_requiring_replacement in properties_requiring_replacement_update
            ]
        )

    @property
    def physical_resource_id(self):
        return self.name


class AccountPasswordPolicy(BaseModel):
    def __init__(
        self,
        allow_change_password,
        hard_expiry,
        max_password_age,
        minimum_password_length,
        password_reuse_prevention,
        require_lowercase_characters,
        require_numbers,
        require_symbols,
        require_uppercase_characters,
    ):
        self._errors = []
        self._validate(
            max_password_age, minimum_password_length, password_reuse_prevention
        )

        self.allow_users_to_change_password = allow_change_password
        self.hard_expiry = hard_expiry
        self.max_password_age = max_password_age
        self.minimum_password_length = minimum_password_length
        self.password_reuse_prevention = password_reuse_prevention
        self.require_lowercase_characters = require_lowercase_characters
        self.require_numbers = require_numbers
        self.require_symbols = require_symbols
        self.require_uppercase_characters = require_uppercase_characters

    @property
    def expire_passwords(self):
        return True if self.max_password_age and self.max_password_age > 0 else False

    def _validate(
        self, max_password_age, minimum_password_length, password_reuse_prevention
    ):
        if minimum_password_length > 128:
            self._errors.append(
                self._format_error(
                    key="minimumPasswordLength",
                    value=minimum_password_length,
                    constraint="Member must have value less than or equal to 128",
                )
            )

        if password_reuse_prevention and password_reuse_prevention > 24:
            self._errors.append(
                self._format_error(
                    key="passwordReusePrevention",
                    value=password_reuse_prevention,
                    constraint="Member must have value less than or equal to 24",
                )
            )

        if max_password_age and max_password_age > 1095:
            self._errors.append(
                self._format_error(
                    key="maxPasswordAge",
                    value=max_password_age,
                    constraint="Member must have value less than or equal to 1095",
                )
            )

        self._raise_errors()

    def _format_error(self, key, value, constraint):
        return f'Value "{value}" at "{key}" failed to satisfy constraint: {constraint}'

    def _raise_errors(self):
        if self._errors:
            count = len(self._errors)
            plural = "s" if len(self._errors) > 1 else ""
            errors = "; ".join(self._errors)
            self._errors = []  # reset collected errors

            raise ValidationError(
                f"{count} validation error{plural} detected: {errors}"
            )


class AccountSummary(BaseModel):
    def __init__(self, iam_backend):
        self._iam_backend = iam_backend

        self._group_policy_size_quota = 5120
        self._instance_profiles_quota = 1000
        self._groups_per_user_quota = 10
        self._attached_policies_per_user_quota = 10
        self._policies_quota = 1500
        self._account_mfa_enabled = 0  # Haven't found any information being able to activate MFA for the root account programmatically
        self._access_keys_per_user_quota = 2
        self._assume_role_policy_size_quota = 2048
        self._policy_versions_in_use_quota = 10000
        self._global_endpoint_token_version = (
            1  # ToDo: Implement set_security_token_service_preferences()
        )
        self._versions_per_policy_quota = 5
        self._attached_policies_per_group_quota = 10
        self._policy_size_quota = 6144
        self._account_signing_certificates_present = 0  # valid values: 0 | 1
        self._users_quota = 5000
        self._server_certificates_quota = 20
        self._user_policy_size_quota = 2048
        self._roles_quota = 1000
        self._signing_certificates_per_user_quota = 2
        self._role_policy_size_quota = 10240
        self._attached_policies_per_role_quota = 10
        self._account_access_keys_present = 0  # valid values: 0 | 1
        self._groups_quota = 300

    @property
    def summary_map(self):
        return {
            "GroupPolicySizeQuota": self._group_policy_size_quota,
            "InstanceProfilesQuota": self._instance_profiles_quota,
            "Policies": self._policies,
            "GroupsPerUserQuota": self._groups_per_user_quota,
            "InstanceProfiles": self._instance_profiles,
            "AttachedPoliciesPerUserQuota": self._attached_policies_per_user_quota,
            "Users": self._users,
            "PoliciesQuota": self._policies_quota,
            "Providers": self._providers,
            "AccountMFAEnabled": self._account_mfa_enabled,
            "AccessKeysPerUserQuota": self._access_keys_per_user_quota,
            "AssumeRolePolicySizeQuota": self._assume_role_policy_size_quota,
            "PolicyVersionsInUseQuota": self._policy_versions_in_use_quota,
            "GlobalEndpointTokenVersion": self._global_endpoint_token_version,
            "VersionsPerPolicyQuota": self._versions_per_policy_quota,
            "AttachedPoliciesPerGroupQuota": self._attached_policies_per_group_quota,
            "PolicySizeQuota": self._policy_size_quota,
            "Groups": self._groups,
            "AccountSigningCertificatesPresent": self._account_signing_certificates_present,
            "UsersQuota": self._users_quota,
            "ServerCertificatesQuota": self._server_certificates_quota,
            "MFADevices": self._mfa_devices,
            "UserPolicySizeQuota": self._user_policy_size_quota,
            "PolicyVersionsInUse": self._policy_versions_in_use,
            "ServerCertificates": self._server_certificates,
            "Roles": self._roles,
            "RolesQuota": self._roles_quota,
            "SigningCertificatesPerUserQuota": self._signing_certificates_per_user_quota,
            "MFADevicesInUse": self._mfa_devices_in_use,
            "RolePolicySizeQuota": self._role_policy_size_quota,
            "AttachedPoliciesPerRoleQuota": self._attached_policies_per_role_quota,
            "AccountAccessKeysPresent": self._account_access_keys_present,
            "GroupsQuota": self._groups_quota,
        }

    @property
    def _groups(self):
        return len(self._iam_backend.groups)

    @property
    def _instance_profiles(self):
        return len(self._iam_backend.instance_profiles)

    @property
    def _mfa_devices(self):
        # Don't know, if hardware devices are also counted here
        return len(self._iam_backend.virtual_mfa_devices)

    @property
    def _mfa_devices_in_use(self):
        devices = 0

        for user in self._iam_backend.users.values():
            devices += len(user.mfa_devices)

        return devices

    @property
    def _policies(self):
        customer_policies = [
            policy
            for policy in self._iam_backend.managed_policies
            if not policy.startswith("arn:aws:iam::aws:policy")
        ]
        return len(customer_policies)

    @property
    def _policy_versions_in_use(self):
        attachments = 0

        for policy in self._iam_backend.managed_policies.values():
            attachments += policy.attachment_count

        return attachments

    @property
    def _providers(self):
        providers = len(self._iam_backend.saml_providers) + len(
            self._iam_backend.open_id_providers
        )
        return providers

    @property
    def _roles(self):
        return len(self._iam_backend.roles)

    @property
    def _server_certificates(self):
        return len(self._iam_backend.certificates)

    @property
    def _users(self):
        return len(self._iam_backend.users)


def filter_items_with_path_prefix(path_prefix, items):
    return [role for role in items if role.path.startswith(path_prefix)]


class IAMBackend(BaseBackend):
    def __init__(self, region_name, account_id=None, aws_policies=None):
        super().__init__(region_name=region_name, account_id=account_id)
        self.instance_profiles = {}
        self.roles = {}
        self.certificates = {}
        self.groups = {}
        self.users = {}
        self.credential_report = None
        self.aws_managed_policies = aws_policies or self._init_aws_policies()
        self.managed_policies = self._init_managed_policies()
        self.account_aliases = []
        self.saml_providers = {}
        self.open_id_providers = {}
        self.policy_arn_regex = re.compile(r"^arn:aws:iam::(aws|[0-9]*):policy/.*$")
        self.virtual_mfa_devices = {}
        self.account_password_policy = None
        self.account_summary = AccountSummary(self)
        self.inline_policies = {}
        self.access_keys = {}

        self.tagger = TaggingService()

    def _init_aws_policies(self):
        # AWS defines some of its own managed policies and we periodically
        # import them via `make aws_managed_policies`
        aws_managed_policies_data_parsed = json.loads(aws_managed_policies_data)
        return [
            AWSManagedPolicy.from_data(name, self.account_id, d)
            for name, d in aws_managed_policies_data_parsed.items()
        ]

    def _init_managed_policies(self):
        return dict((p.arn, p) for p in self.aws_managed_policies)

    def reset(self):
        region_name = self.region_name
        account_id = self.account_id
        # Do not reset these policies, as they take a long time to load
        aws_policies = self.aws_managed_policies
        self._reset_model_refs()
        self.__dict__ = {}
        self.__init__(region_name, account_id, aws_policies)

    def attach_role_policy(self, policy_arn, role_name):
        arns = dict((p.arn, p) for p in self.managed_policies.values())
        policy = arns[policy_arn]
        policy.attach_to(self.get_role(role_name))

    def update_role_description(self, role_name, role_description):
        role = self.get_role(role_name)
        role.description = role_description
        return role

    def update_role(self, role_name, role_description, max_session_duration):
        role = self.get_role(role_name)
        role.description = role_description
        role.max_session_duration = max_session_duration
        return role

    def put_role_permissions_boundary(self, role_name, permissions_boundary):
        if permissions_boundary and not self.policy_arn_regex.match(
            permissions_boundary
        ):
            raise RESTError(
                "InvalidParameterValue",
                f"Value ({permissions_boundary}) for parameter PermissionsBoundary is invalid.",
            )
        role = self.get_role(role_name)
        role.permissions_boundary = permissions_boundary

    def delete_role_permissions_boundary(self, role_name):
        role = self.get_role(role_name)
        role.permissions_boundary = None

    def detach_role_policy(self, policy_arn, role_name):
        arns = dict((p.arn, p) for p in self.managed_policies.values())
        try:
            policy = arns[policy_arn]
            if policy.arn not in self.get_role(role_name).managed_policies.keys():
                raise KeyError
        except KeyError:
            raise IAMNotFoundException(f"Policy {policy_arn} was not found.")
        policy.detach_from(self.get_role(role_name))

    def attach_group_policy(self, policy_arn, group_name):
        arns = dict((p.arn, p) for p in self.managed_policies.values())
        try:
            policy = arns[policy_arn]
        except KeyError:
            raise IAMNotFoundException(f"Policy {policy_arn} was not found.")
        if policy.arn in self.get_group(group_name).managed_policies.keys():
            return
        policy.attach_to(self.get_group(group_name))

    def detach_group_policy(self, policy_arn, group_name):
        arns = dict((p.arn, p) for p in self.managed_policies.values())
        try:
            policy = arns[policy_arn]
            if policy.arn not in self.get_group(group_name).managed_policies.keys():
                raise KeyError
        except KeyError:
            raise IAMNotFoundException(f"Policy {policy_arn} was not found.")
        policy.detach_from(self.get_group(group_name))

    def attach_user_policy(self, policy_arn, user_name):
        arns = dict((p.arn, p) for p in self.managed_policies.values())
        try:
            policy = arns[policy_arn]
        except KeyError:
            raise IAMNotFoundException(f"Policy {policy_arn} was not found.")
        policy.attach_to(self.get_user(user_name))

    def detach_user_policy(self, policy_arn, user_name):
        arns = dict((p.arn, p) for p in self.managed_policies.values())
        try:
            policy = arns[policy_arn]
            if policy.arn not in self.get_user(user_name).managed_policies.keys():
                raise KeyError
        except KeyError:
            raise IAMNotFoundException(f"Policy {policy_arn} was not found.")
        policy.detach_from(self.get_user(user_name))

    def create_policy(self, description, path, policy_document, policy_name, tags):
        iam_policy_document_validator = IAMPolicyDocumentValidator(policy_document)
        iam_policy_document_validator.validate()

        clean_tags = self._tag_verification(tags)
        policy = ManagedPolicy(
            policy_name,
            account_id=self.account_id,
            description=description,
            document=policy_document,
            path=path,
            tags=clean_tags,
        )
        if policy.arn in self.managed_policies:
            raise EntityAlreadyExists(
                f"A policy called {policy_name} already exists. Duplicate names are not allowed."
            )
        self.managed_policies[policy.arn] = policy
        return policy

    def get_policy(self, policy_arn):
        if policy_arn not in self.managed_policies:
            raise IAMNotFoundException(f"Policy {policy_arn} not found")
        return self.managed_policies.get(policy_arn)

    def list_attached_role_policies(
        self, role_name, marker=None, max_items=100, path_prefix="/"
    ):
        policies = self.get_role(role_name).managed_policies.values()
        return self._filter_attached_policies(policies, marker, max_items, path_prefix)

    def list_attached_group_policies(
        self, group_name, marker=None, max_items=100, path_prefix="/"
    ):
        policies = self.get_group(group_name).managed_policies.values()
        return self._filter_attached_policies(policies, marker, max_items, path_prefix)

    def list_attached_user_policies(
        self, user_name, marker=None, max_items=100, path_prefix="/"
    ):
        policies = self.get_user(user_name).managed_policies.values()
        return self._filter_attached_policies(policies, marker, max_items, path_prefix)

    def list_policies(self, marker, max_items, only_attached, path_prefix, scope):
        policies = self.managed_policies.values()

        if only_attached:
            policies = [p for p in policies if p.attachment_count > 0]

        if scope == "AWS":
            policies = [p for p in policies if isinstance(p, AWSManagedPolicy)]
        elif scope == "Local":
            policies = [p for p in policies if not isinstance(p, AWSManagedPolicy)]

        return self._filter_attached_policies(policies, marker, max_items, path_prefix)

    def set_default_policy_version(self, policy_arn, version_id):
        if re.match(r"v[1-9][0-9]*(\.[A-Za-z0-9-]*)?", version_id) is None:
            raise ValidationError(
                f"Value '{version_id}' at 'versionId' failed to satisfy constraint: Member must satisfy regular expression pattern: v[1-9][0-9]*(\\.[A-Za-z0-9-]*)?"
            )

        policy = self.get_policy(policy_arn)

        for version in policy.versions:
            if version.version_id == version_id:
                policy.update_default_version(version_id)
                return True

        raise NoSuchEntity(
            f"Policy {policy_arn} version {version_id} does not exist or is not attachable."
        )

    def _filter_attached_policies(self, policies, marker, max_items, path_prefix):
        if path_prefix:
            policies = [p for p in policies if p.path.startswith(path_prefix)]

        policies = sorted(policies, key=lambda policy: policy.name)
        start_idx = int(marker) if marker else 0

        policies = policies[start_idx : start_idx + max_items]

        if len(policies) < max_items:
            marker = None
        else:
            marker = str(start_idx + max_items)

        return policies, marker

    def create_role(
        self,
        role_name,
        assume_role_policy_document,
        path,
        permissions_boundary,
        description,
        tags,
        max_session_duration,
        linked_service=None,
    ):
        role_id = random_role_id(self.account_id)
        if permissions_boundary and not self.policy_arn_regex.match(
            permissions_boundary
        ):
            raise RESTError(
                "InvalidParameterValue",
                f"Value ({permissions_boundary}) for parameter PermissionsBoundary is invalid.",
            )
        if [role for role in self.get_roles() if role.name == role_name]:
            raise EntityAlreadyExists(f"Role with name {role_name} already exists.")

        clean_tags = self._tag_verification(tags)
        role = Role(
            self.account_id,
            role_id,
            role_name,
            assume_role_policy_document,
            path,
            permissions_boundary,
            description,
            clean_tags,
            max_session_duration,
            linked_service=linked_service,
        )
        self.roles[role_id] = role
        return role

    def get_role_by_id(self, role_id):
        return self.roles.get(role_id)

    def get_role(self, role_name):
        for role in self.get_roles():
            if role.name == role_name:
                return role
        raise IAMNotFoundException(f"Role {role_name} not found")

    def get_role_by_arn(self, arn: str) -> Role:
        for role in self.get_roles():
            if role.arn == arn:
                return role
        raise IAMNotFoundException(f"Role {arn} not found")

    def delete_role(self, role_name):
        role = self.get_role(role_name)
        for instance_profile in self.get_instance_profiles():
            for profile_role in instance_profile.roles:
                if profile_role.name == role_name:
                    raise IAMConflictException(
                        code="DeleteConflict",
                        message="Cannot delete entity, must remove roles from instance profile first.",
                    )
        if role.managed_policies:
            raise IAMConflictException(
                code="DeleteConflict",
                message="Cannot delete entity, must detach all policies first.",
            )
        if role.policies:
            raise IAMConflictException(
                code="DeleteConflict",
                message="Cannot delete entity, must delete policies first.",
            )
        del self.roles[role.id]

    def get_roles(self):
        return self.roles.values()

    def update_assume_role_policy(self, role_name, policy_document):
        role = self.get_role(role_name)
        iam_policy_document_validator = IAMTrustPolicyDocumentValidator(policy_document)
        iam_policy_document_validator.validate()
        role.assume_role_policy_document = policy_document

    def put_role_policy(self, role_name, policy_name, policy_json):
        role = self.get_role(role_name)

        iam_policy_document_validator = IAMPolicyDocumentValidator(policy_json)
        iam_policy_document_validator.validate()
        role.put_policy(policy_name, policy_json)

    def delete_role_policy(self, role_name, policy_name):
        role = self.get_role(role_name)
        role.delete_policy(policy_name)

    def get_role_policy(self, role_name, policy_name):
        role = self.get_role(role_name)
        for p, d in role.policies.items():
            if p == policy_name:
                return p, d
        raise IAMNotFoundException(
            f"Policy Document {policy_name} not attached to role {role_name}"
        )

    def list_role_policies(self, role_name):
        role = self.get_role(role_name)
        return role.policies.keys()

    def _tag_verification(self, tags):
        if len(tags) > 50:
            raise TooManyTags(tags)

        tag_keys = {}
        for tag in tags:
            # Need to index by the lowercase tag key since the keys are case insensitive, but their case is retained.
            ref_key = tag["Key"].lower()
            self._check_tag_duplicate(tag_keys, ref_key)
            self._validate_tag_key(tag["Key"])
            if len(tag["Value"]) > 256:
                raise TagValueTooBig(tag["Value"])

            tag_keys[ref_key] = tag

        return tag_keys

    def _validate_tag_key(self, tag_key, exception_param="tags.X.member.key"):
        """Validates the tag key.

        :param tag_key: The tag key to check against.
        :param exception_param: The exception parameter to send over to help format the message. This is to reflect
                                the difference between the tag and untag APIs.
        :return:
        """
        # Validate that the key length is correct:
        if len(tag_key) > 128:
            raise TagKeyTooBig(tag_key, param=exception_param)

        # Validate that the tag key fits the proper Regex:
        # [\w\s_.:/=+\-@]+ SHOULD be the same as the Java regex on the AWS documentation: [\p{L}\p{Z}\p{N}_.:/=+\-@]+
        match = re.findall(r"[\w\s_.:/=+\-@]+", tag_key)
        # Kudos if you can come up with a better way of doing a global search :)
        if not len(match) or len(match[0]) < len(tag_key):
            raise InvalidTagCharacters(tag_key, param=exception_param)

    def _check_tag_duplicate(self, all_tags, tag_key):
        """Validates that a tag key is not a duplicate

        :param all_tags: Dict to check if there is a duplicate tag.
        :param tag_key: The tag key to check against.
        :return:
        """
        if tag_key in all_tags:
            raise DuplicateTags()

    def list_role_tags(self, role_name, marker, max_items=100):
        role = self.get_role(role_name)

        max_items = int(max_items)
        tag_index = sorted(role.tags)
        start_idx = int(marker) if marker else 0

        tag_index = tag_index[start_idx : start_idx + max_items]

        if len(role.tags) <= (start_idx + max_items):
            marker = None
        else:
            marker = str(start_idx + max_items)

        # Make the tag list of dict's:
        tags = [role.tags[tag] for tag in tag_index]

        return tags, marker

    def tag_role(self, role_name, tags):
        clean_tags = self._tag_verification(tags)
        role = self.get_role(role_name)
        role.tags.update(clean_tags)

    def untag_role(self, role_name, tag_keys):
        if len(tag_keys) > 50:
            raise TooManyTags(tag_keys, param="tagKeys")

        role = self.get_role(role_name)

        for key in tag_keys:
            ref_key = key.lower()
            self._validate_tag_key(key, exception_param="tagKeys")

            role.tags.pop(ref_key, None)

    def list_policy_tags(self, policy_arn, marker, max_items=100):
        policy = self.get_policy(policy_arn)

        max_items = int(max_items)
        tag_index = sorted(policy.tags)
        start_idx = int(marker) if marker else 0

        tag_index = tag_index[start_idx : start_idx + max_items]

        if len(policy.tags) <= (start_idx + max_items):
            marker = None
        else:
            marker = str(start_idx + max_items)

        # Make the tag list of dict's:
        tags = [policy.tags[tag] for tag in tag_index]

        return tags, marker

    def tag_policy(self, policy_arn, tags):
        clean_tags = self._tag_verification(tags)
        policy = self.get_policy(policy_arn)
        policy.tags.update(clean_tags)

    def untag_policy(self, policy_arn, tag_keys):
        if len(tag_keys) > 50:
            raise TooManyTags(tag_keys, param="tagKeys")

        policy = self.get_policy(policy_arn)

        for key in tag_keys:
            ref_key = key.lower()
            self._validate_tag_key(key, exception_param="tagKeys")

            policy.tags.pop(ref_key, None)

    def create_policy_version(self, policy_arn, policy_document, set_as_default):
        iam_policy_document_validator = IAMPolicyDocumentValidator(policy_document)
        iam_policy_document_validator.validate()

        policy = self.get_policy(policy_arn)
        if not policy:
            raise IAMNotFoundException("Policy not found")
        if len(policy.versions) >= 5:
            raise IAMLimitExceededException(
                "A managed policy can have up to 5 versions. Before you create a new version, you must delete an existing version."
            )
        set_as_default = set_as_default == "true"  # convert it to python bool
        version = PolicyVersion(policy_arn, policy_document, set_as_default)
        policy.versions.append(version)
        version.version_id = f"v{policy.next_version_num}"
        policy.next_version_num += 1
        if set_as_default:
            policy.update_default_version(version.version_id)
        return version

    def get_policy_version(self, policy_arn, version_id):
        policy = self.get_policy(policy_arn)
        if not policy:
            raise IAMNotFoundException("Policy not found")
        for version in policy.versions:
            if version.version_id == version_id:
                return version
        raise IAMNotFoundException("Policy version not found")

    def list_policy_versions(self, policy_arn):
        policy = self.get_policy(policy_arn)
        if not policy:
            raise IAMNotFoundException("Policy not found")
        return policy.versions

    def delete_policy_version(self, policy_arn, version_id):
        policy = self.get_policy(policy_arn)
        if not policy:
            raise IAMNotFoundException("Policy not found")
        if version_id == policy.default_version_id:
            raise IAMConflictException(
                code="DeleteConflict",
                message="Cannot delete the default version of a policy.",
            )
        for i, v in enumerate(policy.versions):
            if v.version_id == version_id:
                del policy.versions[i]
                return
        raise IAMNotFoundException("Policy not found")

    def create_instance_profile(self, name, path, role_names, tags=None):
        if self.instance_profiles.get(name):
            raise IAMConflictException(
                code="EntityAlreadyExists",
                message=f"Instance Profile {name} already exists.",
            )

        instance_profile_id = random_resource_id()

        roles = [self.get_role(role_name) for role_name in role_names]
        instance_profile = InstanceProfile(
            self.account_id, instance_profile_id, name, path, roles, tags
        )
        self.instance_profiles[name] = instance_profile
        return instance_profile

    def delete_instance_profile(self, name):
        instance_profile = self.get_instance_profile(name)
        if len(instance_profile.roles) > 0:
            raise IAMConflictException(
                code="DeleteConflict",
                message="Cannot delete entity, must remove roles from instance profile first.",
            )
        del self.instance_profiles[name]

    def get_instance_profile(self, profile_name):
        for profile in self.get_instance_profiles():
            if profile.name == profile_name:
                return profile

        raise IAMNotFoundException(f"Instance profile {profile_name} not found")

    def get_instance_profile_by_arn(self, profile_arn):
        for profile in self.get_instance_profiles():
            if profile.arn == profile_arn:
                return profile

        raise IAMNotFoundException(f"Instance profile {profile_arn} not found")

    def get_instance_profiles(self) -> List[InstanceProfile]:
        return self.instance_profiles.values()

    def get_instance_profiles_for_role(self, role_name):
        found_profiles = []

        for profile in self.get_instance_profiles():
            if len(profile.roles) > 0:
                if profile.roles[0].name == role_name:
                    found_profiles.append(profile)

        return found_profiles

    def add_role_to_instance_profile(self, profile_name, role_name):
        profile = self.get_instance_profile(profile_name)
        role = self.get_role(role_name)
        profile.roles.append(role)

    def remove_role_from_instance_profile(self, profile_name, role_name):
        profile = self.get_instance_profile(profile_name)
        role = self.get_role(role_name)
        profile.roles.remove(role)

    def list_server_certificates(self):
        """
        Pagination is not yet implemented
        """
        return self.certificates.values()

    def upload_server_certificate(
        self, cert_name, cert_body, private_key, cert_chain=None, path=None
    ):
        certificate_id = random_resource_id()
        cert = Certificate(
            self.account_id, cert_name, cert_body, private_key, cert_chain, path
        )
        self.certificates[certificate_id] = cert
        return cert

    def get_server_certificate(self, name):
        for cert in self.certificates.values():
            if name == cert.cert_name:
                return cert

        raise IAMNotFoundException(
            f"The Server Certificate with name {name} cannot be found."
        )

    def get_certificate_by_arn(self, arn):
        for cert in self.certificates.values():
            if arn == cert.arn:
                return cert
        return None

    def delete_server_certificate(self, name):
        cert_id = None
        for key, cert in self.certificates.items():
            if name == cert.cert_name:
                cert_id = key
                break

        if cert_id is None:
            raise IAMNotFoundException(
                f"The Server Certificate with name {name} cannot be found."
            )

        self.certificates.pop(cert_id, None)

    def create_group(self, group_name, path="/"):
        if group_name in self.groups:
            raise IAMConflictException(f"Group {group_name} already exists")

        group = Group(self.account_id, group_name, path)
        self.groups[group_name] = group
        return group

    def get_group(self, group_name):
        """
        Pagination is not yet implemented
        """
        try:
            return self.groups[group_name]
        except KeyError:
            raise IAMNotFoundException(f"Group {group_name} not found")

    def list_groups(self):
        return self.groups.values()

    def get_groups_for_user(self, user_name):
        user = self.get_user(user_name)
        groups = []
        for group in self.list_groups():
            if user in group.users:
                groups.append(group)

        return groups

    def put_group_policy(self, group_name, policy_name, policy_json):
        group = self.get_group(group_name)

        iam_policy_document_validator = IAMPolicyDocumentValidator(policy_json)
        iam_policy_document_validator.validate()
        group.put_policy(policy_name, policy_json)

    def list_group_policies(self, group_name):
        """
        Pagination is not yet implemented
        """
        group = self.get_group(group_name)
        return group.list_policies()

    def delete_group_policy(self, group_name, policy_name):
        group = self.get_group(group_name)
        group.delete_policy(policy_name)

    def get_group_policy(self, group_name, policy_name):
        group = self.get_group(group_name)
        return group.get_policy(policy_name)

    def delete_group(self, group_name):
        try:
            del self.groups[group_name]
        except KeyError:
            raise IAMNotFoundException(
                f"The group with name {group_name} cannot be found."
            )

    def update_group(self, group_name, new_group_name, new_path):
        if new_group_name:
            if new_group_name in self.groups:
                raise IAMConflictException(
                    message=f"Group {new_group_name} already exists"
                )
            try:
                group = self.groups[group_name]
            except KeyError:
                raise IAMNotFoundException(
                    f"The group with name {group_name} cannot be found."
                )

            existing_policies = group.managed_policies.copy()
            for policy_arn in existing_policies:
                self.detach_group_policy(policy_arn, group_name)
            if new_path:
                group.path = new_path
            group.name = new_group_name
            self.groups[new_group_name] = self.groups.pop(group_name)
            for policy_arn in existing_policies:
                self.attach_group_policy(policy_arn, new_group_name)

    def create_user(self, user_name, path="/", tags=None):
        if user_name in self.users:
            raise IAMConflictException(
                "EntityAlreadyExists", f"User {user_name} already exists"
            )

        user = User(self.account_id, user_name, path)
        self.tagger.tag_resource(user.arn, tags or [])
        self.users[user_name] = user
        return user, self.tagger.list_tags_for_resource(user.arn)

    def get_user(self, name) -> User:
        user = self.users.get(name)

        if not user:
            raise NoSuchEntity(f"The user with name {name} cannot be found.")

        return user

    def list_users(self, path_prefix, marker, max_items):
        users = None
        try:

            users = self.users.values()
            if path_prefix:
                users = filter_items_with_path_prefix(path_prefix, users)

        except KeyError:
            raise IAMNotFoundException(
                f"Users {path_prefix}, {marker}, {max_items} not found"
            )

        return users

    def update_user(self, user_name, new_path=None, new_user_name=None):
        try:
            user = self.users[user_name]
        except KeyError:
            raise IAMNotFoundException(f"User {user_name} not found")

        if new_path:
            user.path = new_path
        if new_user_name:
            user.name = new_user_name
            self.users[new_user_name] = self.users.pop(user_name)

    def list_roles(self, path_prefix=None, marker=None, max_items=None):
        path_prefix = path_prefix if path_prefix else "/"
        max_items = int(max_items) if max_items else 100
        start_index = int(marker) if marker else 0

        roles = self.roles.values()
        roles = filter_items_with_path_prefix(path_prefix, roles)
        sorted_roles = sorted(roles, key=lambda role: role.id)

        roles_to_return = sorted_roles[start_index : start_index + max_items]

        if len(sorted_roles) <= (start_index + max_items):
            marker = None
        else:
            marker = str(start_index + max_items)

        return roles_to_return, marker

    def upload_signing_certificate(self, user_name, body):
        user = self.get_user(user_name)
        cert_id = random_resource_id(size=32)

        # Validate the signing cert:
        try:
            if sys.version_info < (3, 0):
                data = bytes(body)
            else:
                data = bytes(body, "utf8")

            x509.load_pem_x509_certificate(data, default_backend())

        except Exception:
            raise MalformedCertificate(body)

        user.signing_certificates[cert_id] = SigningCertificate(
            cert_id, user_name, body
        )

        return user.signing_certificates[cert_id]

    def delete_signing_certificate(self, user_name, cert_id):
        user = self.get_user(user_name)

        try:
            del user.signing_certificates[cert_id]
        except KeyError:
            raise IAMNotFoundException(
                f"The Certificate with id {cert_id} cannot be found."
            )

    def list_signing_certificates(self, user_name):
        user = self.get_user(user_name)

        return list(user.signing_certificates.values())

    def update_signing_certificate(self, user_name, cert_id, status):
        user = self.get_user(user_name)

        try:
            user.signing_certificates[cert_id].status = status

        except KeyError:
            raise IAMNotFoundException(
                f"The Certificate with id {cert_id} cannot be found."
            )

    def create_login_profile(self, user_name, password):
        # This does not currently deal with PasswordPolicyViolation.
        user = self.get_user(user_name)
        if user.password:
            raise IAMConflictException(f"User {user_name} already has password")
        user.password = password
        return user

    def get_login_profile(self, user_name):
        user = self.get_user(user_name)
        if not user.password:
            raise IAMNotFoundException(f"Login profile for {user_name} not found")
        return user

    def update_login_profile(self, user_name, password, password_reset_required):
        # This does not currently deal with PasswordPolicyViolation.
        user = self.get_user(user_name)
        if not user.password:
            raise IAMNotFoundException(f"Login profile for {user_name} not found")
        user.password = password
        user.password_reset_required = password_reset_required
        return user

    def delete_login_profile(self, user_name):
        user = self.get_user(user_name)
        if not user.password:
            raise IAMNotFoundException(f"Login profile for {user_name} not found")
        user.password = None

    def add_user_to_group(self, group_name, user_name):
        user = self.get_user(user_name)
        group = self.get_group(group_name)
        group.users.append(user)

    def remove_user_from_group(self, group_name, user_name):
        group = self.get_group(group_name)
        user = self.get_user(user_name)
        try:
            group.users.remove(user)
        except ValueError:
            raise IAMNotFoundException(f"User {user_name} not in group {group_name}")

    def get_user_policy(self, user_name, policy_name):
        user = self.get_user(user_name)
        policy = user.get_policy(policy_name)
        return policy

    def list_user_policies(self, user_name):
        user = self.get_user(user_name)
        return user.policies.keys()

    def list_user_tags(self, user_name):
        user = self.get_user(user_name)
        return self.tagger.list_tags_for_resource(user.arn)

    def put_user_policy(self, user_name, policy_name, policy_json):
        user = self.get_user(user_name)

        iam_policy_document_validator = IAMPolicyDocumentValidator(policy_json)
        iam_policy_document_validator.validate()
        user.put_policy(policy_name, policy_json)

    def delete_user_policy(self, user_name, policy_name):
        user = self.get_user(user_name)
        user.delete_policy(policy_name)

    def delete_policy(self, policy_arn):
        policy = self.get_policy(policy_arn)
        del self.managed_policies[policy.arn]

    def create_access_key(self, user_name=None, prefix="AKIA", status="Active"):
        keys = self.list_access_keys(user_name)
        if len(keys) >= LIMIT_KEYS_PER_USER:
            raise IAMLimitExceededException(
                f"Cannot exceed quota for AccessKeysPerUser: {LIMIT_KEYS_PER_USER}"
            )
        user = self.get_user(user_name)
        key = user.create_access_key(prefix=prefix, status=status)
        self.access_keys[key.physical_resource_id] = key
        return key

    def create_temp_access_key(self):
        # Temporary access keys such as the ones returned by STS when assuming a role temporarily
        key = AccessKey(user_name=None, prefix="ASIA", account_id=self.account_id)

        self.access_keys[key.physical_resource_id] = key
        return key

    def update_access_key(self, user_name, access_key_id, status=None):
        user = self.get_user(user_name)
        return user.update_access_key(access_key_id, status)

    def get_access_key_last_used(self, access_key_id):
        access_keys_list = self.get_all_access_keys_for_all_users()
        for key in access_keys_list:
            if key.access_key_id == access_key_id:
                return {"user_name": key.user_name, "last_used": key.last_used}

        raise IAMNotFoundException(
            f"The Access Key with id {access_key_id} cannot be found"
        )

    def get_all_access_keys_for_all_users(self):
        access_keys_list = []
        for account in iam_backends.values():
            for user_name in account["global"].users:
                access_keys_list += account["global"].list_access_keys(user_name)
        return access_keys_list

    def list_access_keys(self, user_name):
        """
        Pagination is not yet implemented
        """
        user = self.get_user(user_name)
        keys = user.get_all_access_keys()
        return keys

    def delete_access_key(self, access_key_id, user_name):
        user = self.get_user(user_name)
        access_key = user.get_access_key_by_id(access_key_id)
        self.delete_access_key_by_name(access_key.access_key_id)

    def delete_access_key_by_name(self, name):
        key = self.access_keys[name]
        try:  # User may have been deleted before their access key...
            user = self.get_user(key.user_name)
            user.delete_access_key(key.access_key_id)
        except NoSuchEntity:
            pass
        del self.access_keys[name]

    def upload_ssh_public_key(self, user_name, ssh_public_key_body):
        user = self.get_user(user_name)
        return user.upload_ssh_public_key(ssh_public_key_body)

    def get_ssh_public_key(self, user_name, ssh_public_key_id):
        user = self.get_user(user_name)
        return user.get_ssh_public_key(ssh_public_key_id)

    def get_all_ssh_public_keys(self, user_name):
        user = self.get_user(user_name)
        return user.get_all_ssh_public_keys()

    def update_ssh_public_key(self, user_name, ssh_public_key_id, status):
        user = self.get_user(user_name)
        return user.update_ssh_public_key(ssh_public_key_id, status)

    def delete_ssh_public_key(self, user_name, ssh_public_key_id):
        user = self.get_user(user_name)
        return user.delete_ssh_public_key(ssh_public_key_id)

    def enable_mfa_device(
        self, user_name, serial_number, authentication_code_1, authentication_code_2
    ):
        """Enable MFA Device for user."""
        user = self.get_user(user_name)
        if serial_number in user.mfa_devices:
            raise IAMConflictException(
                "EntityAlreadyExists", f"Device {serial_number} already exists"
            )

        device = self.virtual_mfa_devices.get(serial_number, None)
        if device:
            device.enable_date = datetime.utcnow()
            device.user = user
            device.user_attribute = {
                "Path": user.path,
                "UserName": user.name,
                "UserId": user.id,
                "Arn": user.arn,
                "CreateDate": user.created_iso_8601,
                "PasswordLastUsed": None,  # not supported
                "PermissionsBoundary": {},  # ToDo: add put_user_permissions_boundary() functionality
                "Tags": self.tagger.list_tags_for_resource(user.arn)["Tags"],
            }

        user.enable_mfa_device(
            serial_number, authentication_code_1, authentication_code_2
        )

    def deactivate_mfa_device(self, user_name, serial_number):
        """Deactivate and detach MFA Device from user if device exists."""
        user = self.get_user(user_name)
        if serial_number not in user.mfa_devices:
            raise IAMNotFoundException(f"Device {serial_number} not found")

        device = self.virtual_mfa_devices.get(serial_number, None)
        if device:
            device.enable_date = None
            device.user = None
            device.user_attribute = None

        user.deactivate_mfa_device(serial_number)

    def list_mfa_devices(self, user_name):
        user = self.get_user(user_name)
        return user.mfa_devices.values()

    def create_virtual_mfa_device(self, device_name, path):
        if not path:
            path = "/"

        if not path.startswith("/") and not path.endswith("/"):
            raise ValidationError(
                "The specified value for path is invalid. "
                "It must begin and end with / and contain only alphanumeric characters and/or / characters."
            )

        if any(not len(part) for part in path.split("/")[1:-1]):
            raise ValidationError(
                "The specified value for path is invalid. "
                "It must begin and end with / and contain only alphanumeric characters and/or / characters."
            )

        if len(path) > 512:
            raise ValidationError(
                "1 validation error detected: "
                'Value "{}" at "path" failed to satisfy constraint: '
                "Member must have length less than or equal to 512"
            )

        device = VirtualMfaDevice(self.account_id, path + device_name)

        if device.serial_number in self.virtual_mfa_devices:
            raise EntityAlreadyExists(
                "MFADevice entity at the same path and name already exists."
            )

        self.virtual_mfa_devices[device.serial_number] = device
        return device

    def delete_virtual_mfa_device(self, serial_number):
        device = self.virtual_mfa_devices.pop(serial_number, None)

        if not device:
            raise IAMNotFoundException(
                f"VirtualMFADevice with serial number {serial_number} doesn't exist."
            )

    def list_virtual_mfa_devices(self, assignment_status, marker, max_items):
        devices = list(self.virtual_mfa_devices.values())

        if assignment_status == "Assigned":
            devices = [device for device in devices if device.enable_date]

        if assignment_status == "Unassigned":
            devices = [device for device in devices if not device.enable_date]

        sorted(devices, key=lambda device: device.serial_number)
        max_items = int(max_items)
        start_idx = int(marker) if marker else 0

        if start_idx > len(devices):
            raise ValidationError("Invalid Marker.")

        devices = devices[start_idx : start_idx + max_items]

        if len(devices) < max_items:
            marker = None
        else:
            marker = str(start_idx + max_items)

        return devices, marker

    def delete_user(self, user_name):
        user = self.get_user(user_name)
        if user.managed_policies:
            raise IAMConflictException(
                code="DeleteConflict",
                message="Cannot delete entity, must detach all policies first.",
            )
        if user.policies:
            raise IAMConflictException(
                code="DeleteConflict",
                message="Cannot delete entity, must delete policies first.",
            )
        self.tagger.delete_all_tags_for_resource(user.arn)
        del self.users[user_name]

    def report_generated(self):
        return self.credential_report

    def generate_report(self):
        self.credential_report = True

    def get_credential_report(self):
        if not self.credential_report:
            raise IAMReportNotPresentException("Credential report not present")
        report = "user,arn,user_creation_time,password_enabled,password_last_used,password_last_changed,password_next_rotation,mfa_active,access_key_1_active,access_key_1_last_rotated,access_key_1_last_used_date,access_key_1_last_used_region,access_key_1_last_used_service,access_key_2_active,access_key_2_last_rotated,access_key_2_last_used_date,access_key_2_last_used_region,access_key_2_last_used_service,cert_1_active,cert_1_last_rotated,cert_2_active,cert_2_last_rotated\n"
        for user in self.users:
            report += self.users[user].to_csv()
        return base64.b64encode(report.encode("ascii")).decode("ascii")

    def list_account_aliases(self):
        return self.account_aliases

    def create_account_alias(self, alias):
        # alias is force updated
        self.account_aliases = [alias]

    def delete_account_alias(self):
        self.account_aliases = []

    def get_account_authorization_details(self, policy_filter):
        policies = self.managed_policies.values()
        local_policies = set(policies) - set(self.aws_managed_policies)
        returned_policies = []

        if len(policy_filter) == 0:
            return {
                "instance_profiles": self.instance_profiles.values(),
                "roles": self.roles.values(),
                "groups": self.groups.values(),
                "users": self.users.values(),
                "managed_policies": self.managed_policies.values(),
            }

        if "AWSManagedPolicy" in policy_filter:
            returned_policies = self.aws_managed_policies
        if "LocalManagedPolicy" in policy_filter:
            returned_policies = returned_policies + list(local_policies)

        return {
            "instance_profiles": self.instance_profiles.values(),
            "roles": self.roles.values() if "Role" in policy_filter else [],
            "groups": self.groups.values() if "Group" in policy_filter else [],
            "users": self.users.values() if "User" in policy_filter else [],
            "managed_policies": returned_policies,
        }

    def create_saml_provider(self, name, saml_metadata_document):
        saml_provider = SAMLProvider(self.account_id, name, saml_metadata_document)
        self.saml_providers[name] = saml_provider
        return saml_provider

    def update_saml_provider(self, saml_provider_arn, saml_metadata_document):
        saml_provider = self.get_saml_provider(saml_provider_arn)
        saml_provider.saml_metadata_document = saml_metadata_document
        return saml_provider

    def delete_saml_provider(self, saml_provider_arn):
        try:
            for saml_provider in list(self.list_saml_providers()):
                if saml_provider.arn == saml_provider_arn:
                    del self.saml_providers[saml_provider.name]
        except KeyError:
            raise IAMNotFoundException(f"SAMLProvider {saml_provider_arn} not found")

    def list_saml_providers(self):
        return self.saml_providers.values()

    def get_saml_provider(self, saml_provider_arn):
        for saml_provider in self.list_saml_providers():
            if saml_provider.arn == saml_provider_arn:
                return saml_provider
        raise IAMNotFoundException(f"SamlProvider {saml_provider_arn} not found")

    def get_user_from_access_key_id(self, access_key_id):
        for user_name, user in self.users.items():
            access_keys = self.list_access_keys(user_name)
            for access_key in access_keys:
                if access_key.access_key_id == access_key_id:
                    return user
        return None

    def create_open_id_connect_provider(
        self, url, thumbprint_list, client_id_list, tags
    ):
        clean_tags = self._tag_verification(tags)
        open_id_provider = OpenIDConnectProvider(
            self.account_id, url, thumbprint_list, client_id_list, clean_tags
        )

        if open_id_provider.arn in self.open_id_providers:
            raise EntityAlreadyExists("Unknown")

        self.open_id_providers[open_id_provider.arn] = open_id_provider
        return open_id_provider

    def update_open_id_connect_provider_thumbprint(self, arn, thumbprint_list):
        open_id_provider = self.get_open_id_connect_provider(arn)
        open_id_provider.thumbprint_list = thumbprint_list

    def tag_open_id_connect_provider(self, arn, tags):
        open_id_provider = self.get_open_id_connect_provider(arn)
        clean_tags = self._tag_verification(tags)
        open_id_provider.tags.update(clean_tags)

    def untag_open_id_connect_provider(self, arn, tag_keys):
        open_id_provider = self.get_open_id_connect_provider(arn)

        for key in tag_keys:
            ref_key = key.lower()
            self._validate_tag_key(key, exception_param="tagKeys")
            open_id_provider.tags.pop(ref_key, None)

    def list_open_id_connect_provider_tags(self, arn, marker, max_items=100):
        open_id_provider = self.get_open_id_connect_provider(arn)

        max_items = int(max_items)
        tag_index = sorted(open_id_provider.tags)
        start_idx = int(marker) if marker else 0

        tag_index = tag_index[start_idx : start_idx + max_items]

        if len(open_id_provider.tags) <= (start_idx + max_items):
            marker = None
        else:
            marker = str(start_idx + max_items)

        tags = [open_id_provider.tags[tag] for tag in tag_index]
        return tags, marker

    def delete_open_id_connect_provider(self, arn):
        self.open_id_providers.pop(arn, None)

    def get_open_id_connect_provider(self, arn):
        open_id_provider = self.open_id_providers.get(arn)

        if not open_id_provider:
            raise IAMNotFoundException(
                f"OpenIDConnect Provider not found for arn {arn}"
            )

        return open_id_provider

    def list_open_id_connect_providers(self):
        return list(self.open_id_providers.keys())

    def update_account_password_policy(
        self,
        allow_change_password,
        hard_expiry,
        max_password_age,
        minimum_password_length,
        password_reuse_prevention,
        require_lowercase_characters,
        require_numbers,
        require_symbols,
        require_uppercase_characters,
    ):
        self.account_password_policy = AccountPasswordPolicy(
            allow_change_password,
            hard_expiry,
            max_password_age,
            minimum_password_length,
            password_reuse_prevention,
            require_lowercase_characters,
            require_numbers,
            require_symbols,
            require_uppercase_characters,
        )

    def get_account_password_policy(self):
        if not self.account_password_policy:
            raise NoSuchEntity(
                f"The Password Policy with domain name {self.account_id} cannot be found."
            )

        return self.account_password_policy

    def delete_account_password_policy(self):
        if not self.account_password_policy:
            raise NoSuchEntity(
                "The account policy with name PasswordPolicy cannot be found."
            )

        self.account_password_policy = None

    def get_account_summary(self):
        return self.account_summary

    def create_inline_policy(
        self,
        resource_name,
        policy_name,
        policy_document,
        group_names,
        role_names,
        user_names,
    ):
        if resource_name in self.inline_policies:
            raise IAMConflictException(
                "EntityAlreadyExists", f"Inline Policy {resource_name} already exists"
            )

        inline_policy = InlinePolicy(
            resource_name,
            policy_name,
            policy_document,
            group_names,
            role_names,
            user_names,
        )
        self.inline_policies[resource_name] = inline_policy
        inline_policy.apply_policy(self)
        return inline_policy

    def get_inline_policy(self, policy_id):
        try:
            return self.inline_policies[policy_id]
        except KeyError:
            raise IAMNotFoundException(f"Inline policy {policy_id} not found")

    def update_inline_policy(
        self,
        resource_name,
        policy_name,
        policy_document,
        group_names,
        role_names,
        user_names,
    ):
        inline_policy = self.get_inline_policy(resource_name)
        inline_policy.unapply_policy(self)
        inline_policy.update(
            policy_name, policy_document, group_names, role_names, user_names
        )
        inline_policy.apply_policy(self)
        return inline_policy

    def delete_inline_policy(self, policy_id):
        inline_policy = self.get_inline_policy(policy_id)
        inline_policy.unapply_policy(self)
        del self.inline_policies[policy_id]

    def tag_user(self, name, tags):
        user = self.get_user(name)

        self.tagger.tag_resource(user.arn, tags)

    def untag_user(self, name, tag_keys):
        user = self.get_user(name)

        self.tagger.untag_resource_using_names(user.arn, tag_keys)

    def create_service_linked_role(self, service_name, description, suffix):
        # service.amazonaws.com -> Service
        # some-thing.service.amazonaws.com -> Service_SomeThing
        service = service_name.split(".")[-3]
        prefix = service_name.split(".")[0]
        if service != prefix:
            prefix = "".join([x.capitalize() for x in prefix.split("-")])
            service = SERVICE_NAME_CONVERSION.get(service, service) + "_" + prefix
        else:
            service = SERVICE_NAME_CONVERSION.get(service, service)
        role_name = f"AWSServiceRoleFor{service}"
        if suffix:
            role_name = role_name + f"_{suffix}"
        assume_role_policy_document = {
            "Version": "2012-10-17",
            "Statement": [
                {
                    "Action": ["sts:AssumeRole"],
                    "Effect": "Allow",
                    "Principal": {"Service": [service_name]},
                }
            ],
        }
        path = f"/aws-service-role/{service_name}/"
        return self.create_role(
            role_name,
            json.dumps(assume_role_policy_document),
            path,
            permissions_boundary=None,
            description=description,
            tags=[],
            max_session_duration=None,
            linked_service=service_name,
        )

    def delete_service_linked_role(self, role_name):
        self.delete_role(role_name)
        deletion_task_id = str(random.uuid4())
        return deletion_task_id

    def get_service_linked_role_deletion_status(self):
        """
        This method always succeeds for now - we do not yet keep track of deletions
        """
        return True


iam_backends = BackendDict(
    IAMBackend, "iam", use_boto3_regions=False, additional_regions=["global"]
)
