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  pdftitle = {A Handbook of Statistical Analyses Using R},
  pdfsubject = {Book},
  pdfauthor = {Brian S. Everitt and Torsten Hothorn},
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\renewcommand{\refname}{References \addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{References}}
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\begin{document}

%% Title page

\title{A Handbook of Statistical Analyses Using \R}

\author{Brian S. Everitt and Torsten Hothorn}

\maketitle
%%\VignetteIndexEntry{Chapter Principal Component Analysis}
\setcounter{chapter}{12}


\SweaveOpts{prefix.string=figures/HSAUR,eps=FALSE,keep.source=TRUE} 

<<setup, echo = FALSE, results = hide>>=
rm(list = ls())
s <- search()[-1]
s <- s[-match(c("package:base", "package:stats", "package:graphics", "package:grDevices",
                "package:utils", "package:datasets", "package:methods", "Autoloads"), s)]
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HSAURpkg <- require("HSAUR")
if (!HSAURpkg) stop("cannot load package ", sQuote("HSAUR"))
rm(HSAURpkg)
a <- Sys.setlocale("LC_ALL", "C")
book <- TRUE
refs <- cbind(c("AItR", "SI", "CI", "ANOVA", "MLR", "GLM", 
                "DE", "RP", "SA", "ALDI", "ALDII", "MA", "PCA", 
                "MDS", "CA"), 1:15)
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@

\pagestyle{headings}

\chapter[Principal Component Analysis]{Principal Component Analysis: The Olympic Heptathlon \label{PCA}}

\section{Introduction}


\section{Principal Component Analysis}


\section{Analysis Using \R{}}

To begin it will help to score all the seven events in the
same direction, so that `large' values are `good'. We will    
recode the running events to achieve this;
<<PCA-heptathlon-recode, echo = TRUE>>=a
data("heptathlon", package = "HSAUR")
heptathlon$hurdles <- max(heptathlon$hurdles) - 
    heptathlon$hurdles
heptathlon$run200m <- max(heptathlon$run200m) - 
    heptathlon$run200m
heptathlon$run800m <- max(heptathlon$run800m) - 
    heptathlon$run800m
@

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
<<PCA-heptathlon-scatter, echo = TRUE, fig = TRUE>>=
score <- which(colnames(heptathlon) == "score")
plot(heptathlon[,-score])
@
\caption{Scatterplot matrix for the \Robject{heptathlon} data. \label{PCA-heptathlon-scatter}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

Figure~\ref{PCA-heptathlon-scatter} shows a      
scatterplot matrix of the results from the $25$ competitors on      
the seven events. We 
see that most pairs of events are positively correlated
to a greater or lesser degree. The exceptions all involve the
javelin event -- this is the only really `technical' event and %%'
it is clear that training to become successful in the other six
`power'-based events makes this event difficult for %%'
the majority of the competitors. We can examine the numerical
values of the correlations by applying the \Rcmd{cor} function
<<PCA-options65, echo = FALSE>>=
w <- options("width")
options(width = 65)
@
<<PCA-heptathlon-cor, echo = TRUE>>=
round(cor(heptathlon[,-score]), 2)
@
<<PCA-optionsw, echo = FALSE>>=
options(width = w$width)
@
This correlation matrix demonstrates again the points made earlier.

A principal component analysis of the data can be applied
using the \Rcmd{prcomp} function. The result is a list
containing the coefficients defining each component 
(sometimes referred to as \stress{loadings}), 
\index{Loadings}
the principal component scores, etc. The required
code is (omitting the \Robject{score} variable)
<<PCA-heptathlon-pca, echo = TRUE>>=
heptathlon_pca <- prcomp(heptathlon[, -score], scale = TRUE)
print(heptathlon_pca)
@
The \Rcmd{summary} method can be used for further inspection of the details:
<<PCA-heptathlon-summary, echo = TRUE>>=
summary(heptathlon_pca)
@
The linear combination for the first principal component is
<<PCA-heptathlon-a1, echo = TRUE>>=
a1 <- heptathlon_pca$rotation[,1]
a1
@
We see that the 200m and long jump competitions receive the highest weight
but the javelin result is less important.
For computing the first principal component, the data need to be rescaled
appropriately. The center and the scaling used by \Rcmd{prcomp} internally
can be extracted from the \Robject{heptathlon\_pca}
via
<<PCA-heptathlon-scaling, echo = TRUE>>=
center <- heptathlon_pca$center
scale <- heptathlon_pca$scale
@
Now, we can apply the \Rcmd{scale} function to the data and multiply with
the loadings matrix in order to compute the first principal component score 
for each competitor
<<PCA-heptathlon-s1, echo = TRUE>>=
hm <- as.matrix(heptathlon[,-score])
drop(scale(hm, center = center, scale = scale) %*% 
     heptathlon_pca$rotation[,1])
@
or, more conveniently, by extracting the first from all precomputed 
principal components
<<PCA-heptathlon-s1, echo = TRUE>>=
predict(heptathlon_pca)[,1]
@

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
<<PCA-heptathlon-pca-plot, echo = TRUE, fig = TRUE>>=
plot(heptathlon_pca)
@
\caption{Barplot of the variances explained by the principal components.
\label{PCA-heptathlon-pca-plot}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

<<PCA-heptathlon-sdev, echo = FALSE, results = hide>>=
sdev <- heptathlon_pca$sdev
prop12 <- round(sum(sdev[1:2]^2)/sum(sdev^2)*100, 0)
@
The first two components account for $\Sexpr{prop12}\%$ of the variance. 
A barplot of each component's variance (see %%'
Figure~\ref{PCA-heptathlon-pca-plot}) shows how the first two components dominate.
A plot of the data in the space of the first two principal components, with the points
labelled by the name of the corresponding competitor can be produced as shown
with Figure~\ref{PCA-heptathlon-PCscatter}. In addition, the first two loadings for
the events are given in a second coordinate system, also illustrating the special
role of the javelin event. This graphical representation is known as 
\stress{biplot} \citep{HSAUR:Gabriel1971}.
\index{Biplot}

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
<<PCA-heptathlon-PCscatter, eval = FALSE>>=
biplot(heptathlon_pca, col = c("gray", "black"))
@
<<PCA-heptathlon-PCscatter, echo = FALSE, fig = TRUE>>=
tmp <- heptathlon[, -score]
rownames(tmp) <- abbreviate(gsub(" \\(.*", "", rownames(tmp)))
biplot(prcomp(tmp, scale = TRUE), col = c("black", "lightgray"), xlim =
c(-0.5, 0.7))
@
\caption{Biplot of the (scaled) first two principal components.
\label{PCA-heptathlon-PCscatter}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

The correlation between the score
given to each athlete by the standard scoring system used for
the heptathlon and the first principal component score can be   
found from
<<PCA-scorecor, echo = TRUE>>=
cor(heptathlon$score, heptathlon_pca$x[,1])
@
This implies that the first principal component is in good agreement with
the score assigned to the athletes by official Olympic rules; a scatterplot
of the official score and the first principal component is given in 
Figure~\ref{PCA-heptathlonscore}.

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
<<PCA-heptathlonscore, echo = TRUE, fig = TRUE>>=
plot(heptathlon$score, heptathlon_pca$x[,1])
@
\caption{Scatterplot of the score assigned to each athlete in 1988 and the
first principal component. \label{PCA-heptathlonscore}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}


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\end{document}
