WinkelmannBoes2009 {AER} | R Documentation

## Data and Examples from Winkelmann and Boes (2009)

### Description

This manual page collects a list of examples from the book. Some solutions might not be exact and the list is not complete. If you have suggestions for improvement (preferably in the form of code), please contact the package maintainer.

### References

Winkelmann, R., and Boes, S. (2009). Analysis of Microdata, 2nd ed. Berlin and Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.

### See Also

`GSS7402`, `GSOEP9402`, `PSID1976`

### Examples

    #########################################
    ## US General Social Survey 1974--2002 ##
    #########################################

    ## data
    data("GSS7402", package = "AER")

    ## completed fertility subset
    gss40 <- subset(GSS7402, age >= 40)

    ## Chapter 1
    ## Table 1.1
    gss_kids <- table(gss40$kids)
    cbind(absolute = gss_kids,
      relative = round(prop.table(gss_kids) * 100, digits = 2))

    ## Table 1.2
    sd1 <- function(x) sd(x) / sqrt(length(x))
    with(gss40, round(cbind(
      "obs"            = tapply(kids, year, length),
      "av kids"        = tapply(kids, year, mean),
      " " =              tapply(kids, year, sd1),
      "prop childless" = tapply(kids, year, function(x) mean(x <= 0)),
       " " =             tapply(kids, year, function(x) sd1(x <= 0)),
      "av schooling"   = tapply(education, year, mean),
       " " =             tapply(education, year, sd1)
    ), digits = 2))

    ## Table 1.3
    gss40$trend <- gss40$year - 1974
    kids_lm1 <- lm(kids ~ factor(year), data = gss40)
    kids_lm2 <- lm(kids ~ trend, data = gss40)
    kids_lm3 <- lm(kids ~ trend + education, data = gss40)

    ## Chapter 2
    ## Table 2.1
    kids_tab <- prop.table(xtabs(~ kids + year, data = gss40), 2) * 100
    round(kids_tab[,c(4, 8)], digits = 2)
    ## Figure 2.1
    barplot(t(kids_tab[, c(4, 8)]), beside = TRUE, legend = TRUE)

    ## Chapter 3, Example 3.14
    ## Table 3.1
    gss40$nokids <- factor(gss40$kids <= 0,
      levels = c(FALSE, TRUE), labels = c("no", "yes"))
    nokids_p1 <- glm(nokids ~ 1, data = gss40, family = binomial(link = "probit"))
    nokids_p2 <- glm(nokids ~ trend, data = gss40, family = binomial(link = "probit"))
    nokids_p3 <- glm(nokids ~ trend + education + ethnicity + siblings,
      data = gss40, family = binomial(link = "probit"))

    ## p. 87
    lrtest(nokids_p1, nokids_p2, nokids_p3)

    ## Chapter 4, Example 4.1
    gss40$nokids01 <- as.numeric(gss40$nokids) - 1
    nokids_lm3 <- lm(nokids01 ~ trend + education + ethnicity + siblings, data = gss40)
    coeftest(nokids_lm3, vcov = sandwich)

    ## Example 4.3
    ## Table 4.1
    nokids_l1 <- glm(nokids ~ 1, data = gss40, family = binomial(link = "logit"))
    nokids_l3 <- glm(nokids ~ trend + education + ethnicity + siblings,
      data = gss40, family = binomial(link = "logit"))
    lrtest(nokids_p3)
    lrtest(nokids_l3)

    ## Table 4.2
    nokids_xbar <- colMeans(model.matrix(nokids_l3))
    sum(coef(nokids_p3) * nokids_xbar)
    sum(coef(nokids_l3) * nokids_xbar)
    dnorm(sum(coef(nokids_p3) * nokids_xbar))
    dlogis(sum(coef(nokids_l3) * nokids_xbar))
    dnorm(sum(coef(nokids_p3) * nokids_xbar)) * coef(nokids_p3)[3]
    dlogis(sum(coef(nokids_l3) * nokids_xbar)) * coef(nokids_l3)[3]
    exp(coef(nokids_l3)[3])

    ## Figure 4.4
    ## everything by hand (for ethnicity = "cauc" group)
    nokids_xbar <- as.vector(nokids_xbar)
    nokids_nd <- data.frame(education = seq(0, 20, by = 0.5), trend = nokids_xbar[2],
      ethnicity = "cauc", siblings = nokids_xbar[4])
    nokids_p3_fit <- predict(nokids_p3, newdata = nokids_nd,
      type = "response", se.fit = TRUE)
    plot(nokids_nd$education, nokids_p3_fit$fit, type = "l",
      xlab = "education", ylab = "predicted probability", ylim = c(0, 0.3))
    polygon(c(nokids_nd$education, rev(nokids_nd$education)),
      c(nokids_p3_fit$fit + 1.96 * nokids_p3_fit$se.fit,
      rev(nokids_p3_fit$fit - 1.96 * nokids_p3_fit$se.fit)),
      col = "lightgray", border = "lightgray")
    lines(nokids_nd$education, nokids_p3_fit$fit)

    ## using "effects" package (for average "ethnicity" variable)
    library("effects")
    nokids_p3_ef <- effect("education", nokids_p3, xlevels = list(education = 0:20))
    plot(nokids_p3_ef, rescale.axis = FALSE, ylim = c(0, 0.3))

    ## using "effects" plus modification by hand
    nokids_p3_ef1 <- as.data.frame(nokids_p3_ef)
    plot(pnorm(fit) ~ education, data = nokids_p3_ef1, type = "n", ylim = c(0, 0.3))
    polygon(c(0:20, 20:0), pnorm(c(nokids_p3_ef1$upper, rev(nokids_p3_ef1$lower))),
      col = "lightgray", border = "lightgray")
    lines(pnorm(fit) ~ education, data = nokids_p3_ef1)

    ## Table 4.6
    ## McFadden's R^2
    1 - as.numeric( logLik(nokids_p3) / logLik(nokids_p1) )
    1 - as.numeric( logLik(nokids_l3) / logLik(nokids_l1) )
    ## McKelvey and Zavoina R^2
    r2mz <- function(obj) {
      ystar <- predict(obj)
      sse <- sum((ystar - mean(ystar))^2)
      s2 <- switch(obj$family$link, "probit" = 1, "logit" = pi^2/3, NA)
      n <- length(residuals(obj))
      sse / (n * s2 + sse)
    }
    r2mz(nokids_p3)
    r2mz(nokids_l3)
    ## AUC
    library("ROCR")
    nokids_p3_pred <- prediction(fitted(nokids_p3), gss40$nokids)
    nokids_l3_pred <- prediction(fitted(nokids_l3), gss40$nokids)
    plot(performance(nokids_p3_pred, "tpr", "fpr"))
    abline(0, 1, lty = 2)
    performance(nokids_p3_pred, "auc")
    plot(performance(nokids_l3_pred, "tpr", "fpr"))
    abline(0, 1, lty = 2)
    performance(nokids_l3_pred, "auc")@y.values

    ## Chapter 7
    ## Table 7.3
    ## subset selection
    gss02 <- subset(GSS7402, year == 2002 & (age < 40 | !is.na(agefirstbirth)))
    #Z# This selection conforms with top of page 229. However, there
    #Z# are too many observations: 1374. Furthermore, there are six
    #Z# observations with agefirstbirth <= 14 which will cause problems in
    #Z# taking logs!

    ## computing time to first birth
    gss02$tfb <- with(gss02, ifelse(is.na(agefirstbirth), age - 14, agefirstbirth - 14))
    #Z# currently this is still needed before taking logs
    gss02$tfb <- pmax(gss02$tfb, 1)

    tfb_tobit <- tobit(log(tfb) ~ education + ethnicity + siblings + city16 + immigrant,
      data = gss02, left = -Inf, right = log(gss02$age - 14))
    tfb_ols <- lm(log(tfb) ~ education + ethnicity + siblings + city16 + immigrant,
      data = gss02, subset = !is.na(agefirstbirth))

    ## Chapter 8
    ## Example 8.3
    gss2002 <- subset(GSS7402, year == 2002 & (agefirstbirth < 40 | age < 40))
    gss2002$afb <- with(gss2002, Surv(ifelse(kids > 0, agefirstbirth, age), kids > 0))
    afb_km <- survfit(afb ~ 1, data = gss2002)
    afb_skm <- summary(afb_km)
    print(afb_skm)
    with(afb_skm, plot(n.event/n.risk ~ time, type = "s"))
    plot(afb_km, xlim = c(10, 40), conf.int = FALSE)

    ## Example 8.9
    library("survival")
    afb_ex <- survreg(
      afb ~ education + siblings + ethnicity + immigrant + lowincome16 + city16,
      data = gss2002, dist = "exponential")
    afb_wb <- survreg(
      afb ~ education + siblings + ethnicity + immigrant + lowincome16 + city16,
      data = gss2002, dist = "weibull")
    afb_ln <- survreg(
      afb ~ education + siblings + ethnicity + immigrant + lowincome16 + city16,
      data = gss2002, dist = "lognormal")

    ## Example 8.11
    kids_pois <- glm(kids ~ education + trend + ethnicity + immigrant + lowincome16 + city16,
      data = gss40, family = poisson)
    library("MASS")
    kids_nb <- glm.nb(kids ~ education + trend + ethnicity + immigrant + lowincome16 + city16,
      data = gss40)
    lrtest(kids_pois, kids_nb)

    ############################################
    ## German Socio-Economic Panel 1994--2002 ##
    ############################################

    ## data
    data("GSOEP9402", package = "AER")

    ## some convenience data transformations
    gsoep <- GSOEP9402
    gsoep$meducation2 <- cut(gsoep$meducation, breaks = c(6, 10.25, 12.25, 18),
      labels = c("7-10", "10.5-12", "12.5-18"))
    gsoep$year2 <- factor(gsoep$year)

    ## Chapter 1
    ## Table 1.4 plus visualizations
    gsoep_tab <- xtabs(~ meducation2 + school, data = gsoep)
    round(prop.table(gsoep_tab, 1) * 100, digits = 2)
    spineplot(gsoep_tab)
    plot(school ~ meducation, data = gsoep, breaks = c(7, 10.25, 12.25, 18))
    plot(school ~ meducation, data = gsoep, breaks = c(7, 9, 10.5, 11.5, 12.5, 15, 18))

    ## Chapter 5
    ## Table 5.1
    library("nnet")
    gsoep_mnl <- multinom(
      school ~ meducation + memployment + log(income) + log(size) + parity + year2,
      data = gsoep)
    coeftest(gsoep_mnl)[c(1:6, 1:6 + 14),]

    ## alternatively
    if(require("mlogit")) {
    gsoep_mnl2 <- mlogit(school ~ 0 | meducation + memployment + log(income) +
      log(size) + parity + year2, data = gsoep, shape = "wide", reflevel = "Hauptschule")
    coeftest(gsoep_mnl2)[1:12,]
    }

    ## Table 5.2
    library("effects")
    gsoep_eff <- effect("meducation", gsoep_mnl,
      xlevels = list(meducation = sort(unique(gsoep$meducation))))
    gsoep_eff$prob
    plot(gsoep_eff, confint = FALSE)

    ## Table 5.3, odds
    exp(coef(gsoep_mnl)[, "meducation"])

    ## all effects
    eff_mnl <- allEffects(gsoep_mnl)
    plot(eff_mnl, ask = FALSE, confint = FALSE)
    plot(eff_mnl, ask = FALSE, style = "stacked", colors = gray.colors(3))

    ## omit year
    gsoep_mnl1 <- multinom(
      school ~ meducation + memployment + log(income) + log(size) + parity,
      data = gsoep)
    lrtest(gsoep_mnl, gsoep_mnl1)
    eff_mnl1 <- allEffects(gsoep_mnl1)
    plot(eff_mnl1, ask = FALSE, confint = FALSE)
    plot(eff_mnl1, ask = FALSE, style = "stacked", colors = gray.colors(3))

    ## Chapter 6
    ## Table 6.1
    library("MASS")
    gsoep$munemp <- factor(gsoep$memployment != "none",
      levels = c(FALSE, TRUE), labels = c("no", "yes"))
    gsoep_pop <- polr(school ~ meducation + munemp + log(income) + log(size) + parity + year2,
      data = gsoep, method = "probit", Hess = TRUE)
    gsoep_pol <- polr(school ~ meducation + munemp + log(income) + log(size) + parity + year2,
      data = gsoep, Hess = TRUE)
    lrtest(gsoep_pop)
    lrtest(gsoep_pol)

    ## Table 6.2
    ## todo
    eff_pol <- allEffects(gsoep_pol)
    plot(eff_pol, ask = FALSE, confint = FALSE)
    plot(eff_pol, ask = FALSE, style = "stacked", colors = gray.colors(3))

    ####################################
    ## Labor Force Participation Data ##
    ####################################

    ## Mroz data
    data("PSID1976", package = "AER")
    PSID1976$nwincome <- with(PSID1976, (fincome - hours * wage)/1000)

    ## visualizations
    plot(hours ~ nwincome, data = PSID1976,
      xlab = "Non-wife income (in USD 1000)",
      ylab = "Hours of work in 1975")

    plot(jitter(hours, 200) ~ jitter(wage, 50), data = PSID1976,
      xlab = "Wife's average hourly wage (jittered)",
      ylab = "Hours of work in 1975 (jittered)")

    ## Chapter 1, p. 18
    hours_lm <- lm(hours ~ wage + nwincome + youngkids + oldkids, data = PSID1976,
      subset = participation == "yes")

    ## Chapter 7
    ## Example 7.2, Table 7.1
    hours_tobit <- tobit(hours ~ nwincome + education + experience + I(experience^2) +
      age + youngkids + oldkids, data = PSID1976)
    hours_ols1 <- lm(hours ~ nwincome + education + experience + I(experience^2) +
      age + youngkids + oldkids, data = PSID1976)
    hours_ols2 <- lm(hours ~ nwincome + education + experience + I(experience^2) +
      age + youngkids + oldkids, data = PSID1976, subset = participation == "yes")

    ## Example 7.10, Table 7.4
    wage_ols <- lm(log(wage) ~ education + experience + I(experience^2),
      data = PSID1976, subset = participation == "yes")

    library("sampleSelection")
    wage_ghr <- selection(participation ~ nwincome + age + youngkids + oldkids +
      education + experience + I(experience^2),
      log(wage) ~ education + experience + I(experience^2), data = PSID1976)

    ## Exercise 7.13
    hours_cragg1 <- glm(participation ~ nwincome + education +
      experience + I(experience^2) + age + youngkids + oldkids,
      data = PSID1976, family = binomial(link = "probit"))
    library("truncreg")
    hours_cragg2 <- truncreg(hours ~ nwincome + education +
      experience + I(experience^2) + age + youngkids + oldkids,
      data = PSID1976, subset = participation == "yes")

    ## Exercise 7.15
    wage_olscoef <- sapply(c(-Inf, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2), function(censpoint)
      coef(lm(log(wage) ~ education + experience + I(experience^2),
      data = PSID1976[log(PSID1976$wage) > censpoint,])))
    wage_mlcoef <- sapply(c(0.5, 1, 1.5, 2), function(censpoint)
      coef(tobit(log(wage) ~ education + experience + I(experience^2),
      data = PSID1976, left = censpoint)))

    ##################################
    ## Choice of Brand for Crackers ##
    ##################################

    ## data
    if(require("mlogit")) {
    data("Cracker", package = "mlogit")
    head(Cracker, 3)
    crack <- mlogit.data(Cracker, varying = 2:13, shape = "wide", choice = "choice")
    head(crack, 12)

    ## Table 5.6 (model 3 probably not fully converged in W&B)
    crack$price <- crack$price/100
    crack_mlogit1 <- mlogit(choice ~ price | 0, data = crack, reflevel = "private")
    crack_mlogit2 <- mlogit(choice ~ price | 1, data = crack, reflevel = "private")
    crack_mlogit3 <- mlogit(choice ~ price + feat + disp | 1, data = crack,
      reflevel = "private")
    lrtest(crack_mlogit1, crack_mlogit2, crack_mlogit3)

    ## IIA test
    crack_mlogit_all <- update(crack_mlogit2, reflevel = "nabisco")
    crack_mlogit_res <- update(crack_mlogit_all,
      alt.subset = c("keebler", "nabisco", "sunshine"))
    hmftest(crack_mlogit_all, crack_mlogit_res)
    }

[Package AER version 1.2-5 Index]