surv.bart {BART} | R Documentation |
Here we have implemented a simple and direct approach to utilize BART in survival analysis that is very flexible, and is akin to discrete-time survival analysis. Following the capabilities of BART, we allow for maximum flexibility in modeling the dependence of survival times on covariates. In particular, we do not impose proportional hazards.
To elaborate, consider data in the usual form: (t, delta, x) where t is the event time, delta is an indicator distinguishing events (delta=1) from right-censoring (delta=0), x is a vector of covariates, and i=1, ..., N (i suppressed for convenience) indexes subjects.
We denote the K distinct event/censoring times by 0<t(1)<...< t(K)<infinity thus taking t(j) to be the j'th order statistic among distinct observation times and, for convenience, t(0)=0. Now consider event indicators y(j) for each subject i at each distinct time t(j) up to and including the subject's observation time t=t(n) with n=sum I[t(j)<=t]. This means y(j)=0 if j<n and y(n)=delta.
We then denote by p(j) the probability of an event at time t(j) conditional on no previous event. We now write the model for y(j) as a nonparametric probit regression of y(j) on the time t(j) and the covariates x, and then utilize BART for binary responses. Specifically, y(j) = delta I[t=t(j)], j=1, ..., n ; we have p(j) = F(mu(j)), mu(j) = mu0+f(t(j), x) where F denotes the standard normal cdf (probit link). As in the binary response case, f is the sum of many tree models.
surv.bart( x.train=matrix(0,0,0), y.train=NULL, times=NULL, delta=NULL, x.test=matrix(0,0,0), K=NULL, events=NULL, ztimes=NULL, zdelta=NULL, sparse=FALSE, theta=0, omega=1, a=0.5, b=1, augment=FALSE, rho=NULL, xinfo=matrix(0,0,0), usequants=FALSE, rm.const=TRUE, type='pbart', ntype=as.integer( factor(type, levels=c('wbart', 'pbart', 'lbart'))), k=2, power=2, base=.95, offset=NULL, tau.num=c(NA, 3, 6)[ntype], ntree=50, numcut=100, ndpost=1000, nskip=250, keepevery = 10L, printevery=100L, id=NULL, ## surv.bart only seed=99, ## mc.surv.bart only mc.cores=2, ## mc.surv.bart only nice=19L ## mc.surv.bart only ) mc.surv.bart( x.train=matrix(0,0,0), y.train=NULL, times=NULL, delta=NULL, x.test=matrix(0,0,0), K=NULL, events=NULL, ztimes=NULL, zdelta=NULL, sparse=FALSE, theta=0, omega=1, a=0.5, b=1, augment=FALSE, rho=NULL, xinfo=matrix(0,0,0), usequants=FALSE, rm.const=TRUE, type='pbart', ntype=as.integer( factor(type, levels=c('wbart', 'pbart', 'lbart'))), k=2, power=2, base=.95, offset=NULL, tau.num=c(NA, 3, 6)[ntype], ntree=50, numcut=100, ndpost=1000, nskip=250, keepevery = 10L, printevery=100L, id=NULL, ## surv.bart only seed=99, ## mc.surv.bart only mc.cores=2, ## mc.surv.bart only nice=19L ## mc.surv.bart only )
x.train |
Explanatory variables for training (in sample)
data. |
y.train |
Binary response dependent variable for training (in sample) data. |
times |
The time of event or right-censoring. |
delta |
The event indicator: 1 is an event while 0 is censored. |
x.test |
Explanatory variables for test (out of sample) data. |
K |
If provided, then coarsen |
events |
If provided, then use for the grid of time points. |
ztimes |
If provided, then these columns of |
zdelta |
If provided, then these columns of |
sparse |
Whether to perform variable selection based on a sparse Dirichlet prior rather than simply uniform; see Linero 2016. |
theta |
Set theta parameter; zero means random. |
omega |
Set omega parameter; zero means random. |
a |
Sparse parameter for Beta(a, b) prior: 0.5<=a<=1 where lower values inducing more sparsity. |
b |
Sparse parameter for Beta(a, b) prior; typically, b=1. |
rho |
Sparse parameter: typically rho=p where p is the number of covariates under consideration. |
augment |
Whether data augmentation is to be performed in sparse variable selection. |
xinfo |
You can provide the cutpoints to BART or let BART
choose them for you. To provide them, use the |
usequants |
If |
rm.const |
Whether or not to remove constant variables. |
type |
Whether to employ Albert-Chib, |
ntype |
The integer equivalent of |
k |
k is the number of prior standard deviations f(t, x) is away from +/-3. The bigger k is, the more conservative the fitting will be. |
power |
Power parameter for tree prior. |
base |
Base parameter for tree prior. |
offset |
With binary
BART, the centering is P(Y=1 | x) = F(f(x) + offset) where
|
tau.num |
The numerator in the |
ntree |
The number of trees in the sum. |
ndpost |
The number of posterior draws returned. |
nskip |
Number of MCMC iterations to be treated as burn in. |
printevery |
As the MCMC runs, a message is printed every printevery draws. |
keepevery |
Every keepevery draw is kept to be returned to the user. |
numcut |
The number of possible values of c (see usequants). If a single number if given, this is used for all variables. Otherwise a vector with length equal to ncol(x.train) is required, where the i^th element gives the number of c used for the i^th variable in x.train. If usequants is false, numcut equally spaced cutoffs are used covering the range of values in the corresponding column of x.train. If usequants is true, then min(numcut, the number of unique values in the corresponding columns of x.train - 1) c values are used. |
id |
|
seed |
|
mc.cores |
|
nice |
|
surv.bart
returns an object of type survbart
which is
essentially a list. Besides the items listed
below, the list has a binaryOffset
component giving the value
used, a times
component giving the unique times, K
which is the number of unique times, tx.train
and
tx.test
, if any.
yhat.train |
A matrix with ndpost rows and nrow(x.train) columns.
Each row corresponds to a draw f* from the posterior of f
and each column corresponds to a row of x.train.
The (i,j) value is f*(t, x) for the i\^th kept draw of f
and the j\^th row of x.train. |
yhat.test |
Same as yhat.train but now the x's are the rows of the test data. |
surv.test |
The survival function, S(t|x), where x's are the rows of the test data. |
yhat.train.mean |
train data fits = mean of yhat.train columns. |
yhat.test.mean |
test data fits = mean of yhat.test columns. |
surv.test.mean |
mean of surv.test columns. |
varcount |
a matrix with ndpost rows and nrow(x.train) columns. Each row is for a draw. For each variable (corresponding to the columns), the total count of the number of times that variable is used in a tree decision rule (over all trees) is given. |
Note that yhat.train and yhat.test are
f(t, x) + binaryOffset
. If you want draws of the probability
P(Y=1 | t, x) you need to apply the normal cdf (pnorm
)
to these values.
Rodney Sparapani: rsparapa@mcw.edu
Chipman, H., George, E., and McCulloch R. (2010) Bayesian Additive Regression Trees. The Annals of Applied Statistics, 4,1, 266-298 <doi: 10.1214/09-AOAS285>.
Friedman, J.H. (1991) Multivariate adaptive regression splines. The Annals of Statistics, 19, 1–67.
Gramacy, RB and Polson, NG (2012) Simulation-based regularized logistic regression. Bayesian Analysis, 7, 567–590.
Holmes, C and Held, L (2006) Bayesian auxiliary variable models for binary and multinomial regression. Bayesian Analysis, 1, 145–68.
Linero, A.R. (2018) Bayesian regression trees for high dimensional prediction and variable selection. JASA, 113, 626–36.
Sparapani, R., Logan, B., McCulloch, R., and Laud, P. (2016) Nonparametric survival analysis using Bayesian Additive Regression Trees (BART). Statistics in Medicine, 16, 2741–53 <doi:10.1002/sim.6893>.
## load survival package for the advanced lung cancer example data(lung) N <- length(lung$status) table(lung$ph.karno, lung$pat.karno) ## if physician's KPS unavailable, then use the patient's h <- which(is.na(lung$ph.karno)) lung$ph.karno[h] <- lung$pat.karno[h] times <- lung$time delta <- lung$status-1 ##lung$status: 1=censored, 2=dead ##delta: 0=censored, 1=dead ## this study reports time in days rather than weeks or months ## coarsening from days to weeks or months will reduce the computational burden ##times <- ceiling(times/30) times <- ceiling(times/7) ## weeks table(times) table(delta) ## matrix of observed covariates x.train <- cbind(lung$sex, lung$age, lung$ph.karno) ## lung$sex: Male=1 Female=2 ## lung$age: Age in years ## lung$ph.karno: Karnofsky performance score (dead=0:normal=100:by=10) ## rated by physician dimnames(x.train)[[2]] <- c('M(1):F(2)', 'age(39:82)', 'ph.karno(50:100:10)') table(x.train[ , 1]) summary(x.train[ , 2]) table(x.train[ , 3]) ##test BART with token run to ensure installation works set.seed(99) post <- surv.bart(x.train=x.train, times=times, delta=delta, nskip=1, ndpost=1, keepevery=1) ## Not run: ## run one long MCMC chain in one process ## set.seed(99) ## post <- surv.bart(x.train=x.train, times=times, delta=delta, x.test=x.test) ## in the interest of time, consider speeding it up by parallel processing ## run "mc.cores" number of shorter MCMC chains in parallel processes post <- mc.surv.bart(x.train=x.train, times=times, delta=delta, mc.cores=8, seed=99) pre <- surv.pre.bart(times=times, delta=delta, x.train=x.train, x.test=x.train) K <- pre$K M <- nrow(post$yhat.train) pre$tx.test <- rbind(pre$tx.test, pre$tx.test) pre$tx.test[ , 2] <- c(rep(1, N*K), rep(2, N*K)) ## sex pushed to col 2, since time is always in col 1 pred <- predict(post, newdata=pre$tx.test, mc.cores=8) pd <- matrix(nrow=M, ncol=2*K) for(j in 1:K) { h <- seq(j, N*K, by=K) pd[ , j] <- apply(pred$surv.test[ , h], 1, mean) pd[ , j+K] <- apply(pred$surv.test[ , h+N*K], 1, mean) } pd.mu <- apply(pd, 2, mean) pd.025 <- apply(pd, 2, quantile, probs=0.025) pd.975 <- apply(pd, 2, quantile, probs=0.975) males <- 1:K females <- males+K plot(c(0, pre$times), c(1, pd.mu[males]), type='s', col='blue', ylim=0:1, ylab='S(t, x)', xlab='t (weeks)', main=paste('Advanced Lung Cancer ex. (BART::lung)', "Friedman's partial dependence function", 'Male (blue) vs. Female (red)', sep='\n')) lines(c(0, pre$times), c(1, pd.025[males]), col='blue', type='s', lty=2) lines(c(0, pre$times), c(1, pd.975[males]), col='blue', type='s', lty=2) lines(c(0, pre$times), c(1, pd.mu[females]), col='red', type='s') lines(c(0, pre$times), c(1, pd.025[females]), col='red', type='s', lty=2) lines(c(0, pre$times), c(1, pd.975[females]), col='red', type='s', lty=2) ## End(Not run)