Bessel {base} | R Documentation

## Bessel Functions

### Description

Bessel Functions of integer and fractional order, of first and second kind, J(nu) and Y(nu), and Modified Bessel functions (of first and third kind), I(nu) and K(nu).

### Usage

    besselI(x, nu, expon.scaled = FALSE)
    besselK(x, nu, expon.scaled = FALSE)
    besselJ(x, nu)
    besselY(x, nu)

### Arguments

`x` | numeric, ≥ 0.
`nu` | numeric; The order (maybe fractional!) of the corresponding Bessel function.
`expon.scaled` | logical; if `TRUE`, the results are exponentially scaled in order to avoid overflow (I(nu)) or underflow (K(nu)), respectively.

### Details

If `expon.scaled = TRUE`, exp(-x) I(x;nu), or exp(x) K(x;nu) are returned.

For nu < 0, formulae 9.1.2 and 9.6.2 from Abramowitz & Stegun are applied (which is probably suboptimal), except for `besselK` which is symmetric in `nu`.

The current algorithms will give warnings about accuracy loss for large arguments. In some cases, these warnings are exaggerated, and the precision is perfect. For large `nu`, say in the order of millions, the current algorithms are rarely useful.

### Value

Numeric vector with the (scaled, if `expon.scaled = TRUE`) values of the corresponding Bessel function.

The length of the result is the maximum of the lengths of the parameters. All parameters are recycled to that length.

### Author(s)

Original Fortran code: W. J. Cody, Argonne National Laboratory
Translation to C and adaptation to R: Martin Maechler maechler@stat.math.ethz.ch.

### Source

The C code is a translation of Fortran routines from http://www.netlib.org/specfun/ribesl, ../rjbesl, etc. The four source code files for bessel[IJKY] each contain a paragraph “Acknowledgement” and “References”, a short summary of which is

besselI

  based on (code) by David J. Sookne, see Sookne (1973)... Modifications... An earlier version was published in Cody (1983).

besselJ

  as `besselI`

besselK

  based on (code) by J. B. Campbell (1980)... Modifications...

besselY

  draws heavily on Temme's Algol program for Y... and on Campbell's programs for Y_ν(x) .... ... heavily modified.

### References

Abramowitz, M. and Stegun, I. A. (1972) Handbook of Mathematical Functions. Dover, New York; Chapter 9: Bessel Functions of Integer Order.

In order of “Source” citation above:

Sockne, David J. (1973) Bessel Functions of Real Argument and Integer Order. NBS Jour. of Res. B. 77B, 125–132.

Cody, William J. (1983) Algorithm 597: Sequence of modified Bessel functions of the first kind. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software 9(2), 242–245.

Campbell, J.B. (1980) On Temme's algorithm for the modified Bessel function of the third kind. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software 6(4), 581–586.

Campbell, J.B. (1979) Bessel functions J_nu(x) and Y_nu(x) of float order and float argument. Comp. Phy. Comm. 18, 133–142.

Temme, Nico M. (1976) On the numerical evaluation of the ordinary Bessel function of the second kind. J. Comput. Phys. 21, 343–350.

### See Also

Other special mathematical functions, such as `gamma`, Γ(x), and `beta`, B(x).

### Examples

    require(graphics)

    nus <- c(0:5, 10, 20)

    x <- seq(0, 4, length.out = 501)
    plot(x, x, ylim = c(0, 6), ylab = "", type = "n",
         main = "Bessel Functions  I_nu(x)")
    for(nu in nus) lines(x, besselI(x, nu = nu), col = nu + 2)
    legend(0, 6, legend = paste("nu=", nus), col = nus + 2, lwd = 1)

    x <- seq(0, 40, length.out = 801); yl <- c(-.8, .8)
    plot(x, x, ylim = yl, ylab = "", type = "n",
         main = "Bessel Functions  J_nu(x)")
    for(nu in nus) lines(x, besselJ(x, nu = nu), col = nu + 2)
    legend(32, -.18, legend = paste("nu=", nus), col = nus + 2, lwd = 1)

    ## Negative nu's :
    xx <- 2:7
    nu <- seq(-10, 9, length.out = 2001)
    op <- par(lab = c(16, 5, 7))
    matplot(nu, t(outer(xx, nu, besselI)), type = "l", ylim = c(-50, 200),
            main = expression(paste("Bessel ", I[nu](x), " for fixed ", x,
                                    ",  as ", f(nu))),
            xlab = expression(nu))
    abline(v = 0, col = "light gray", lty = 3)
    legend(5, 200, legend = paste("x=", xx), col=seq(xx), lty=seq(xx))
    par(op)

    x0 <- 2^(-20:10)
    plot(x0, x0^-8, log = "xy", ylab = "", type = "n",
         main = "Bessel Functions  J_nu(x)  near 0\n log - log  scale")
    for(nu in sort(c(nus, nus+0.5)))
        lines(x0, besselJ(x0, nu = nu), col = nu + 2)
    legend(3, 1e50, legend = paste("nu=", paste(nus, nus+0.5, sep=",")),
           col = nus + 2, lwd = 1)

    plot(x0, x0^-8, log = "xy", ylab = "", type = "n",
         main = "Bessel Functions  K_nu(x)  near 0\n log - log  scale")
    for(nu in sort(c(nus, nus+0.5)))
        lines(x0, besselK(x0, nu = nu), col = nu + 2)
    legend(3, 1e50, legend = paste("nu=", paste(nus, nus + 0.5, sep = ",")),
           col = nus + 2, lwd = 1)

    x <- x[x > 0]
    plot(x, x, ylim = c(1e-18, 1e11), log = "y", ylab = "", type = "n",
         main = "Bessel Functions  K_nu(x)")
    for(nu in nus) lines(x, besselK(x, nu = nu), col = nu + 2)
    legend(0, 1e-5, legend=paste("nu=", nus), col = nus + 2, lwd = 1)

    yl <- c(-1.6, .6)
    plot(x, x, ylim = yl, ylab = "", type = "n",
         main = "Bessel Functions  Y_nu(x)")
    for(nu in nus){
        xx <- x[x > .6*nu]
        lines(xx, besselY(xx, nu=nu), col = nu+2)
    }
    legend(25, -.5, legend = paste("nu=", nus), col = nus+2, lwd = 1)

    ## negative nu in bessel_Y -- was bogus for a long time
    curve(besselY(x, -0.1), 0, 10, ylim = c(-3,1), ylab = "")
    for(nu in c(seq(-0.2, -2, by = -0.1)))
      curve(besselY(x, nu), add = TRUE)
    title(expression(besselY(x, nu) * "   " *
                     {nu == list(-0.1, -0.2, ..., -2)}))

[Package base version 3.4.3 Index]