libPaths {base} | R Documentation

## Search Paths for Packages

### Description

`.libPaths` gets/sets the library trees within which packages are looked for.

### Usage

    .libPaths(new)

    .Library
    .Library.site

### Arguments

`new` | a character vector with the locations of R library trees. Tilde expansion (`path.expand`) is done, and if any element contains one of `*?[`, globbing is done where supported by the platform: see `Sys.glob`.

### Details

`.Library` is a character string giving the location of the default library, the ‘library’ subdirectory of R_HOME.

`.Library.site` is a (possibly empty) character vector giving the locations of the site libraries, by default the ‘site-library’ subdirectory of R_HOME (which may not exist).

`.libPaths` is used for getting or setting the library trees that R knows about (and hence uses when looking for packages). If called with argument `new`, the library search path is set to the existing directories in `unique(c(new, .Library.site, .Library))` and this is returned. If given no argument, a character vector with the currently active library trees is returned.

How paths `new` with a trailing slash are treated is OS-dependent. On a POSIX filesystem existing directories can usually be specified with a trailing slash: on Windows filepaths with a trailing slash (or backslash) are invalid and so will never be added to the library search path.

The library search path is initialized at startup from the environment variable R_LIBS (which should be a semicolon-separated list of directories at which R library trees are rooted) followed by those in environment variable R_LIBS_USER. Only directories which exist at the time will be included.

By default R_LIBS is unset, and R_LIBS_USER is set to subdirectory ‘R/win-library/x.y’ of the home directory, for R x.y.z.

`.Library.site` can be set via the environment variable R_LIBS_SITE (as a non-empty semicolon-separated list of library trees).

Both R_LIBS_USER and R_LIBS_SITE feature possible expansion of specifiers for R version specific information as part of the startup process. The possible conversion specifiers all start with a % and are followed by a single letter (use %% to obtain %), with currently available conversion specifications as follows:

%V

  R version number including the patchlevel (e.g., 2.5.0).

%v

  R version number excluding the patchlevel (e.g., 2.5).

%p

  the platform for which R was built, the value of `R.version$platform`.

%o

  the underlying operating system, the value of `R.version$os`.

%a

  the architecture (CPU) R was built on/for, the value of `R.version$arch`.

(See `version` for details on R version information.)

Function `.libPaths` always uses the values of `.Library` and `.Library.site` in the base namespace. `.Library.site` can be set by the site in ‘Rprofile.site’, which should be followed by a call to `.libPaths(.libPaths())` to make use of the updated value.

For consistency, the paths are always normalized by `normalizePath(winslash = "/")`.

### Value

A character vector of file paths.

### References

Becker, R. A., Chambers, J. M. and Wilks, A. R. (1988) The New S Language. Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole.

### See Also

`library`

### Examples

    .libPaths()                 # all library trees R knows about

[Package base version 3.6.1 Index]