NullDistribution {coin} | R Documentation

## Specification of the Reference Distribution

### Description

Specification of the asymptotic, approximative (Monte Carlo) and exact reference distribution.

### Usage

    asymptotic(maxpts = 25000, abseps = 0.001, releps = 0)
    approximate(nresample = 10000L, parallel = c("no", "multicore", "snow"),
                ncpus = 1L, cl = NULL, B)
    exact(algorithm = c("auto", "shift", "split-up"), fact = NULL)

### Arguments

`maxpts` | an integer, the maximum number of function values. Defaults to `25000`.
`abseps` | a numeric, the absolute error tolerance. Defaults to `0.001`.
`releps` | a numeric, the relative error tolerance. Defaults to `0`.
`nresample` | a positive integer, the number of Monte Carlo replicates used for the computation of the approximative reference distribution. Defaults to `10000L`.
`parallel` | a character, the type of parallel operation: either `"no"` (default), `"multicore"` or `"snow"`.
`ncpus` | an integer, the number of processes to be used in parallel operation. Defaults to `1L`.
`cl` | an object inheriting from class `"cluster"`, specifying an optional parallel or snow cluster if `parallel = "snow"`. Defaults to `NULL`.
`B` | deprecated, use `nresample` instead.
`algorithm` | a character, the algorithm used for the computation of the exact reference distribution: either `"auto"` (default), `"shift"` or `"split-up"`.
`fact` | an integer to multiply the response values with. Defaults to `NULL`.

### Details

`asymptotic`, `approximate` and `exact` can be supplied to the `distribution` argument of, e.g., `independence_test` to provide control of the specification of the asymptotic, approximative (Monte Carlo) and exact reference distribution respectively.

The asymptotic reference distribution is computed using a randomised quasi-Monte Carlo method (Genz and Bretz, 2009) and is applicable to arbitrary covariance structures with dimensions up to 1000. See `GenzBretz` in package mvtnorm for details on `maxpts`, `abseps` and `releps`.

The approximative (Monte Carlo) reference distribution is obtained by a conditional Monte Carlo procedure, i.e., by computing the test statistic for `nresample` random samples from all admissible permutations of the response Y within each block (Hothorn et al., 2008). By default, the distribution is computed using serial operation (`parallel = "no"`). The use of parallel operation is specified by setting `parallel` to either `"multicore"` (not available for MS Windows) or `"snow"`. In the latter case, if `cl = NULL` (default) a cluster with `ncpus` processes is created on the local machine unless a default cluster has been registered (see `setDefaultCluster` in package parallel) in which case that gets used instead. Alternatively, the use of an optional parallel or snow cluster can be specified by `cl`. See ‘Examples’ and package parallel for details on parallel operation.

The exact reference distribution, currently available for univariate two-sample problems only, is computed using either the shift algorithm (Streitberg and Röhmel, 1984, 1986, 1987) or the split-up algorithm (van de Wiel, 2001). The shift algorithm handles blocks pertaining to, e.g., pre- and post-stratification, but can only be used with positive integer-valued scores h(Y). The split-up algorithm can be used with non-integer scores, but does not handle blocks. By default, an automatic choice is made (`algorithm = "auto"`) but the shift and split-up algorithms can be selected by setting `algorithm` to either `"shift"` or `"split-up"` respectively.

### Note

Starting with coin version 1.1-0, the default for `algorithm` is `"auto"`, having identical behaviour to `"shift"` in previous versions. In earlier versions of the package, `algorithm = "shift"` silently switched to the split-up algorithm if non-integer scores were detected, whereas the current version exits with a warning.

In versions of coin prior to 1.3-0, the number of Monte Carlo replicates in `approximate()` was specified using the now deprecated `B` argument. This will be made defunct and removed in a future release. It has been replaced by the `nresample` argument (for conformity with the libcoin, party and partykit packages).

### References

Genz, A. and Bretz, F. (2009). Computation of Multivariate Normal and t Probabilities. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.

Hothorn, T., Hornik, K., van de Wiel, M. A. and Zeileis, A. (2008). Implementing a class of permutation tests: The coin package. Journal of Statistical Software 28(8), 1–23. doi: 10.18637/jss.v028.i08

Streitberg, B. and Röhmel, J. (1984). Exact nonparametrics in APL. APL Quote Quad 14(4), 313–325. doi: 10.1145/384283.801115

Streitberg, B. and Röhmel, J. (1986). Exact distributions for permutations and rank tests: an introduction to some recently published algorithms. Statistical Software Newsletter 12(1), 10–17.

Streitberg, B. and Röhmel, J. (1987). Exakte verteilungen für rang- und randomisierungstests im allgemeinen c-stichprobenfall. EDV in Medizin und Biologie 18(1), 12–19.

van de Wiel, M. A. (2001). The split-up algorithm: a fast symbolic method for computing p-values of distribution-free statistics. Computational Statistics 16(4), 519–538. doi: 10.1007/s180-001-8328-6

### Examples

    ## Approximative (Monte Carlo) Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test

    ## Serial operation
    set.seed(123)
    cmh_test(disease ~ smoking | gender, data = alzheimer,
             distribution = approximate(nresample = 100000))

    ## Not run:
    ## Multicore with 8 processes (not for MS Windows)
    set.seed(123, kind = "L'Ecuyer-CMRG")
    cmh_test(disease ~ smoking | gender, data = alzheimer,
             distribution = approximate(nresample = 100000,
                                        parallel = "multicore", ncpus = 8))

    ## Automatic PSOCK cluster with 4 processes
    set.seed(123, kind = "L'Ecuyer-CMRG")
    cmh_test(disease ~ smoking | gender, data = alzheimer,
             distribution = approximate(nresample = 100000,
                                        parallel = "snow", ncpus = 4))

    ## Registered FORK cluster with 12 processes (not for MS Windows)
    fork12 <- parallel::makeCluster(12, "FORK") # set-up cluster
    parallel::setDefaultCluster(fork12) # register default cluster
    set.seed(123, kind = "L'Ecuyer-CMRG")
    cmh_test(disease ~ smoking | gender, data = alzheimer,
             distribution = approximate(nresample = 100000,
                                        parallel = "snow"))
    parallel::stopCluster(fork12) # clean-up

    ## User-specified PSOCK cluster with 8 processes
    psock8 <- parallel::makeCluster(8, "PSOCK") # set-up cluster
    set.seed(123, kind = "L'Ecuyer-CMRG")
    cmh_test(disease ~ smoking | gender, data = alzheimer,
             distribution = approximate(nresample = 100000,
                                        parallel = "snow", cl = psock8))
    parallel::stopCluster(psock8) # clean-up
    ## End(Not run)

[Package coin version 1.3-0 Index]