plot.deSolve {deSolve} | R Documentation

## Plot, Image and Histogram Method for deSolve Objects

### Description

Plot the output of numeric integration routines.

### Usage

    ## S3 method for class 'deSolve'
    plot(x, ..., select = NULL, which = select, ask = NULL,
                  obs = NULL, obspar = list(), subset = NULL)

    ## S3 method for class 'deSolve'
    hist(x, select = 1:(ncol(x)-1), which  = select, ask = NULL,
                  subset = NULL, ...)
    ## S3 method for class 'deSolve'
    image(x, select = NULL, which = select, ask = NULL,
                  add.contour = FALSE, grid = NULL,
                  method = "image", legend = FALSE, subset = NULL, ...)
    ## S3 method for class 'deSolve'
    subset(x, subset = NULL, select = NULL,
                 which = select, arr = FALSE, ...)

    plot.1D (x, ..., select = NULL, which = select, ask = NULL,
             obs = NULL, obspar = list(), grid = NULL,
             xyswap = FALSE, delay = 0, vertical = FALSE, subset = NULL)

    matplot.0D(x, ..., select = NULL, which = select,
               obs = NULL, obspar = list(), subset = NULL,
               legend = list(x = "topright"))

    matplot.1D(x, select = NULL, which = select, ask = NULL,
             obs = NULL, obspar = list(), grid = NULL,
             xyswap = FALSE, vertical = FALSE, subset = NULL, ...)

### Arguments

`x` | an object of class `deSolve`, as returned by the integrators, and to be plotted. For `plot.deSolve`, it is allowed to pass several objects of class `deSolve` after `x` (unnamed) - see second example.
`which` | the name(s) or the index to the variables that should be plotted or selected. Default = all variables, except `time`. For use with `matplot.0D` and `matplot.1D`, `which` or `select` can be a list, with vectors, each referring to a separate y-axis.
`select` | which variable/columns to be selected. This is added for consistency with the R-function `subset`.
`subset` | either a logical expression indicating elements or rows to keep in `select`, or a vector of integers denoting the indices of the elements over which to loop. Missing values are taken as `FALSE`
`ask` | logical; if `TRUE`, the user is asked before each plot, if `NULL` the user is only asked if more than one page of plots is necessary and the current graphics device is set interactive, see `par(ask)` and `dev.interactive`.
`add.contour` | if `TRUE`, will add contours to the image plot.
`method` | the name of the plotting method to use, one of "image", "filled.contour", "persp", "contour".
`grid` | only for `image` plots and for `plot.1D`: the 1-D grid as a vector (for output generated with `ode.1D`), or the x- and y-grid, as a `list` (for output generated with `ode.2D`).
`xyswap` | if `TRUE`, then x-and y-values are swapped and the y-axis is from top to bottom. Useful for drawing vertical profiles.
`vertical` | if `TRUE`, then 1. x-and y-values are swapped, the y-axis is from top to bottom, the x-axis is on top, margin 3 and the main title gets the value of the x-axis. Useful for drawing vertical profiles; see example 2.
`delay` | adds a delay (in milliseconds) between consecutive plots of `plot.1D` to enable animations.

`obs`

a `data.frame` or `matrix` with "observed data" that will be added as `points` to the plots. `obs` can also be a `list` with multiple data.frames and/or matrices containing observed data.

By default the first column of an observed data set should contain the `time`-variable. The other columns contain the observed values and they should have names that are known in `x`.

If the first column of `obs` consists of factors or characters (strings), then it is assumed that the data are presented in long (database) format, where the first three columns contain (name, time, value).

If `obs` is not `NULL` and `which` is `NULL`, then the variables, common to both `obs` and `x` will be plotted.

`obspar` | additional graphics arguments passed to `points`, for plotting the observed data. If `obs` is a `list` containing multiple observed data sets, then the graphics arguments can be a vector or a list (e.g. for `xlim`, `ylim`), specifying each data set separately.
`legend` | if `TRUE`, a color legend will be drawn on the right of each image. For use with `matplot.0D` and `matplot.1D`: a `list` with arguments passed to R-function legend.
`arr` | if `TRUE`, and the output is from a 2-D or 3-D model, an array will be returned with dimension = c(dimension of selected variable, nrow(x)). When `arr=TRUE` then only one variable can be selected. When the output is from a 0-D or 1-D model, then this argument is ignored.

`...`

additional arguments.

The graphical arguments are passed to `plot.default`, `image` or `hist`

For `plot.deSolve`, and `plot.1D`, the dots may contain other objects of class `deSolve`, as returned by the integrators, and to be plotted on the same graphs as `x` - see second example. In this case, `x` and and these other objects should be compatible, i.e. the column names should be the same.

For `plot.deSolve`, the arguments after ... must be matched exactly.

### Details

The number of panels per page is automatically determined up to 3 x 3 (`par(mfrow = c(3, 3))`). This default can be overwritten by specifying user-defined settings for `mfrow` or `mfcol`. Set `mfrow` equal to `NULL` to avoid the plotting function to change user-defined `mfrow` or `mfcol` settings.

Other graphical parameters can be passed as well. Parameters are vectorized, either according to the number of plots (`xlab`, `ylab`, `main`, `sub`, `xlim`, `ylim`, `log`, `asp`, `ann`, `axes`, `frame.plot`, `panel.first`, `panel.last`, `cex.lab`, `cex.axis`, `cex.main`) or according to the number of lines within one plot (other parameters e.g. `col`, `lty`, `lwd` etc.) so it is possible to assign specific axis labels to individual plots, resp. different plotting style. Plotting parameter `ylim`, or `xlim` can also be a list to assign different axis limits to individual plots.

Similarly, the graphical parameters for observed data, as passed by `obspar` can be vectorized, according to the number of observed data sets.

Image plots will only work for 1-D and 2-D variables, as solved with `ode.1D` and `ode.2D`. In the first case, an image with `times` as x- and the `grid` as y-axis will be created. In the second case, an x-y plot will be created, for all times. Unless `ask = FALSE`, the user will be asked to confirm page changes. Via argument `mtext`, it is possible to label each page in case of 2D output.

For images, it is possible to pass an argument `method` which can take the values "image" (default), "filled.contour", "contour" or "persp", in order to use the respective plotting method.

`plot` and `matplot.0D` will always have `times` on the x-axis. For problems solved with `ode.1D`, it may be more useful to use `plot.1D` or `matplot.1D` which will plot how spatial variables change with time. These plots will have the `grid` on the x-axis.

### Value

Function `subset` called with `arr = FALSE` will return a matrix with up to as many rows as selected by `subset` and as many columns as selected variables.

When `arr = TRUE` then an array will be outputted with dimensions equal to the dimension of the selected variable, augmented with the number of rows selected by `subset`. This means that the last dimension points to `times`.

Function `subset` also has an attribute that contains the `times` selected.

### See Also

`deSolve`, `ode`, `print.deSolve`,

`hist` `image` `matplot`, `plot.default` for the underlying functions from package graphics,

`ode.2D`, for an example of using `subset` with `arr = TRUE`.

### Examples

    ## =======================================================================
    ## Example 1. A Predator-Prey model with 4 species in matrix formulation
    ## =======================================================================

    LVmatrix <- function(t, n, parms) {
      with(parms, {
        dn <- r * n + n * (A %*% n)
        return(list(c(dn)))
      })
    }
    parms <- list(
      r = c(r1 = 0.1, r2 = 0.1, r3 = -0.1, r4 = -0.1),
      A = matrix(c(0.0, 0.0, -0.2, 0.01,      # prey 1
                   0.0, 0.0, 0.02, -0.1,      # prey 2
                   0.2, 0.02, 0.0, 0.0,       # predator 1; prefers prey 1
                   0.01, 0.1, 0.0, 0.0),      # predator 2; prefers prey 2
                   nrow = 4, ncol = 4, byrow=TRUE)
    )
    times <- seq(from = 0, to = 500, by = 0.1)
    y     <- c(prey1 = 1, prey2 = 1, pred1 = 2, pred2 = 2)

    out <- ode(y, times, LVmatrix, parms)

    ## Basic line plot
    plot(out, type = "l")

    ## User-specified axis labels
    plot(out, type = "l", ylab = c("Prey 1", "Prey 2", "Pred 1", "Pred 2"),
      xlab = "Time (d)", main = "Time Series")

    ## Set user-defined mfrow
    pm <- par (mfrow = c(2, 2))

    ## "mfrow=NULL" keeps user-defined mfrow
    plot(out, which = c("prey1", "pred2"), mfrow = NULL, type = "l", lwd = 2)

    plot(out[,"prey1"], out[,"pred1"], xlab="prey1",
      ylab = "pred1", type = "l", lwd = 2)
    plot(out[,"prey2"], out[,"pred2"], xlab = "prey2",
      ylab = "pred2", type = "l",lwd = 2)

    ## restore graphics parameters
    par ("mfrow" = pm)

    ## Plot all in one figure, using matplot
    matplot.0D(out, lwd = 2)

    ## Split y-variables in two groups
    matplot.0D(out, which = list(c(1,3), c(2,4)),
               lty = c(1,2,1,2), col=c(4,4,5,5),
               ylab = c("prey1,pred1", "prey2,pred2"))

    ## =======================================================================
    ## Example 2. Add second and third output, and observations
    ## =======================================================================

    # New runs with different parameter settings
    parms2      <- parms
    parms2$r[1] <- 0.2
    out2 <- ode(y, times, LVmatrix, parms2)

    # New runs with different parameter settings
    parms3      <- parms
    parms3$r[1] <- 0.05
    out3 <- ode(y, times, LVmatrix, parms3)

    # plot all three outputs
    plot(out, out2, out3, type = "l",
         ylab = c("Prey 1", "Prey 2", "Pred 1", "Pred 2"),
         xlab = "Time (d)", main = c("Prey 1", "Prey 2", "Pred 1", "Pred 2"),
         col = c("red", "blue", "darkred"))

    ## 'observed' data
    obs <- as.data.frame(out[out[,1] %in% seq(10, 500, by = 30), ])

    plot(out, which = "prey1", type = "l", obs = obs,
         obspar = list(pch = 18, cex = 2))

    plot(out, type = "l", obs = obs, col = "red")

    matplot.0D(out, which = c("prey1", "pred1"), type = "l", obs = obs)

    ## second set of 'observed' data and two outputs
    obs2 <- as.data.frame(out2[out2[,1] %in% seq(10, 500, by = 50), ])

    ## manual xlim, log
    plot(out, out2, type = "l", obs = list(obs, obs2), col = c("red", "blue"),
          obspar = list(pch = 18:19, cex = 2, col = c("red", "blue")),
          log = c("y", ""), which = c("prey1", "prey1"),
          xlim = list(c(100, 500), c(0, 400)))

    ## data in 'long' format
    OBS <- data.frame(name = c(rep("prey1", 3), rep("prey2", 2)),
                      time = c(10, 100, 250, 10, 400),
                      value = c(0.05, 0.04, 0.7, 0.5, 1))
    OBS
    plot(out, obs = OBS, obspar = c(pch = 18, cex = 2))

    # a subset only:
    plot(out, subset = prey1 < 0.5, type = "p")

    # Simple histogram
    hist(out, col = "darkblue", breaks = 50)

    hist(out, col = "darkblue", breaks = 50, subset = prey1<1 & prey2 < 1)

    # different parameters per plot
    hist(out, col = c("darkblue", "red", "orange", "black"),
         breaks = c(10,50))

    ## =======================================================================
    ## The Aphid model from Soetaert and Herman, 2009.
    ## A practical guide to ecological modelling.
    ## Using R as a simulation platform. Springer.
    ## =======================================================================

    ## 1-D diffusion model

    ## ================
    ## Model equations
    ## ================
    Aphid <- function(t, APHIDS, parameters) {
      deltax  <- c (0.5*delx, rep(delx, numboxes - 1), 0.5*delx)
      Flux    <- -D * diff(c(0, APHIDS, 0))/deltax
      dAPHIDS <- -diff(Flux)/delx + APHIDS * r
      list(dAPHIDS, Flux = Flux)
    }

    ## ==================
    ## Model application
    ## ==================

    ## the model parameters:
    D         <- 0.3    # m2/day  diffusion rate
    r         <- 0.01   # /day    net growth rate
    delx      <- 1      # m       thickness of boxes
    numboxes  <- 60

    ## distance of boxes on plant, m, 1 m intervals
    Distance  <- seq(from = 0.5, by = delx, length.out = numboxes)

    ## Initial conditions, ind/m2
    ## aphids present only on two central boxes
    APHIDS        <- rep(0, times = numboxes)
    APHIDS[30:31] <- 1
    state         <- c(APHIDS = APHIDS)      # initialise state variables

    ## RUNNING the model:
    times <- seq(0, 200, by = 1)   # output wanted at these time intervals
    out   <- ode.1D(state, times, Aphid, parms = 0, nspec = 1, names = "Aphid")

    image(out, grid = Distance, main = "Aphid model", ylab = "distance, m",
      legend = TRUE)

    ## restricting time
    image(out, grid = Distance, main = "Aphid model", ylab = "distance, m",
      legend = TRUE, subset = time < 100)

    image(out, grid = Distance, main = "Aphid model", ylab = "distance, m",
      method = "persp", border = NA, theta = 30)

    FluxAphid <- subset(out, select = "Flux", subset = time < 50)

    matplot.1D(out, type = "l", lwd = 2, xyswap = TRUE, lty = 1)

    matplot.1D(out, type = "l", lwd = 2, xyswap = TRUE, lty = 1,
               subset = time < 50)

    matplot.1D(out, type = "l", lwd = 2, xyswap = TRUE, lty = 1,
               subset = time %in% seq(0, 200, by = 10), col = "grey")

    ## Not run:
      plot(out, ask = FALSE, mfrow = c(1, 1))
      plot.1D(out, ask = FALSE, type = "l", lwd = 2, xyswap = TRUE)

    ## End(Not run)

    ## see help file for ode.2D for images of 2D variables

[Package deSolve version 1.24 Index]