nlmer {lme4} | R Documentation

## Fitting Nonlinear Mixed-Effects Models

### Description

Fit a nonlinear mixed-effects model (NLMM) to data, via maximum likelihood.

### Usage

    nlmer(formula, data = NULL, control = nlmerControl(),
          start = NULL, verbose = 0L, nAGQ = 1L, subset, weights, na.action,
          offset, contrasts = NULL, devFunOnly = FALSE, ...)

### Arguments

`formula`

a three-part “nonlinear mixed model” formula, of the form `resp ~ Nonlin(...) ~ fixed + random`, where the third part is similar to the RHS formula of, e.g., `lmer`. Currently, the `Nonlin(..)` formula part must not only return a numeric vector, but also must have a `"gradient"` attribute, a `matrix`. The functions `SSbiexp`, `SSlogis`, etc, see `selfStart`, provide this (and more). Alternatively, you can use `deriv()` to automatically produce such functions or expressions.

`data`

an optional data frame containing the variables named in `formula`. By default the variables are taken from the environment from which `lmer` is called. While `data` is optional, the package authors strongly recommend its use, especially when later applying methods such as `update` and `drop1` to the fitted model (such methods are not guaranteed to work properly if `data` is omitted). If `data` is omitted, variables will be taken from the environment of `formula` (if specified as a formula) or from the parent frame (if specified as a character vector).

`control` | a list (of correct class, resulting from `lmerControl()` or `glmerControl()` respectively) containing control parameters, including the nonlinear optimizer to be used and parameters to be passed through to the nonlinear optimizer, see the `*lmerControl` documentation for details.

`start`

starting estimates for the nonlinear model parameters, as a named numeric vector or as a list with components

nlpars

  required numeric vector of starting values for the nonlinear model parameters

theta

  optional numeric vector of starting values for the covariance parameters

`verbose` | integer scalar. If `> 0` verbose output is generated during the optimization of the parameter estimates. If `> 1` verbose output is generated during the individual PIRLS steps (PIRLS aka PRSS, e.g. in the C++ sources).

`nAGQ`

integer scalar - the number of points per axis for evaluating the adaptive Gauss-Hermite approximation to the log-likelihood. Defaults to 1, corresponding to the Laplace approximation. Values greater than 1 produce greater accuracy in the evaluation of the log-likelihood at the expense of speed. A value of zero uses a faster but less exact form of parameter estimation for GLMMs by optimizing the random effects and the fixed-effects coefficients in the penalized iteratively reweighted least squares (PIRLS) step.

`subset` | an optional expression indicating the subset of the rows of `data` that should be used in the fit. This can be a logical vector, or a numeric vector indicating which observation numbers are to be included, or a character vector of the row names to be included. All observations are included by default.
`weights` | an optional vector of ‘prior weights’ to be used in the fitting process. Should be `NULL` or a numeric vector.
`na.action` | a function that indicates what should happen when the data contain `NA`s. The default action (`na.omit`, inherited from the ‘factory fresh’ value of `getOption("na.action")`) strips any observations with any missing values in any variables.
`offset` | this can be used to specify an a priori known component to be included in the linear predictor during fitting. This should be `NULL` or a numeric vector of length equal to the number of cases. One or more `offset` terms can be included in the formula instead or as well, and if more than one is specified their sum is used. See `model.offset`.
`contrasts` | an optional `list`. See the `contrasts.arg` of `model.matrix.default`.
`devFunOnly` | logical - return only the deviance evaluation function. Note that because the deviance function operates on variables stored in its environment, it may not return exactly the same values on subsequent calls (but the results should always be within machine tolerance).
`...` | other potential arguments. A `method` argument was used in earlier versions of the package. Its functionality has been replaced by the `nAGQ` argument.

### Details

Fit nonlinear mixed-effects models, such as those used in population pharmacokinetics.

### Note

Adaptive Gauss-Hermite quadrature (`nAGQ`>1) is not currently implemented for `nlmer`. Several other methods, such as simulation or prediction with new data, are unimplemented or very lightly tested.

### Examples

    ## nonlinear mixed models --- 3-part formulas ---
    ## 1. basic nonlinear fit. Use stats::SSlogis for its
    ## implementation of the 3-parameter logistic curve.
    ## "SS" stands for "self-starting logistic", but the
    ## "self-starting" part is not currently used by nlmer ... 'start' is
    ## necessary
    startvec <- c(Asym = 200, xmid = 725, scal = 350)
    (nm1 <- nlmer(circumference ~ SSlogis(age, Asym, xmid, scal) ~ Asym|Tree,
                 Orange, start = startvec))
    ## 2. re-run with "quick and dirty" PIRLS step
    (nm1a <- update(nm1, nAGQ = 0L))

    ## 3. Fit the same model with a user-built function:
    ## a. Define formula
    nform <- ~Asym/(1+exp((xmid-input)/scal))
    ## b. Use deriv() to construct function:
    nfun <- deriv(nform,namevec=c("Asym","xmid","scal"),
                  function.arg=c("input","Asym","xmid","scal"))
    nm1b <- update(nm1,circumference ~ nfun(age, Asym, xmid, scal)  ~ Asym | Tree)

    ## 4. User-built function without using derivs():
    ##    derivatives could be computed more efficiently
    ##    by pre-computing components, but these are essentially
    ##    the gradients as one would derive them by hand
    nfun2 <- function(input, Asym, xmid, scal) {
        value <- Asym/(1+exp((xmid-input)/scal))
        grad <- cbind(Asym=1/(1+exp((xmid-input)/scal)),
                  xmid=-Asym/(1+exp((xmid-input)/scal))^2*1/scal*
                        exp((xmid-input)/scal),
                  scal=-Asym/(1+exp((xmid-input)/scal))^2*
                         -(xmid-input)/scal^2*exp((xmid-input)/scal))
        attr(value,"gradient") <- grad
        value
    }
    stopifnot(all.equal(attr(nfun(2,1,3,4),"gradient"),
                        attr(nfun(2,1,3,4),"gradient")))
    nm1c <- update(nm1,circumference ~ nfun2(age, Asym, xmid, scal)  ~ Asym | Tree)

[Package lme4 version 1.1-21 Index]