as.ctd {oce} | R Documentation

## Coerce data into CTD object

### Description

Assemble data into a `ctd-class` dataset.

### Usage

    as.ctd(salinity, temperature = NULL, pressure = NULL, conductivity = NULL,
      scan = NULL, time = NULL, other = NULL, units = NULL, flags = NULL,
      missingValue = NULL, type = "", serialNumber = "", ship = "",
      cruise = "", station = "", startTime = NULL, longitude = NA,
      latitude = NA, deploymentType = "unknown", pressureAtmospheric = 0,
      sampleInterval = NA, profile = NULL, debug = getOption("oceDebug"))

### Arguments

`salinity`

There are three choices for `salinity`. (1) It can be a vector indicating the practical salinity through the water column. In that case, `as.ctd` employs the other arguments listed below. (2) It can be something (a data frame, a list or an `oce` object) from which practical salinity, temperature, pressure, and conductivity can be inferred. In that case, the relevant information is extracted and the other arguments to `as.ctd` are ignored, except for `pressureAtmospheric`. If the first argument has salinity, etc., in matrix form (as can happen with some objects of `argo-class`), then only the first column is used, and a warning to that effect is given, unless the `profile` argument is specified and then that specific profile is extracted. If the first argument is an object of `rsk-class`, then `as.ctd` merely passes it and `pressureAtmospheric` to `rsk2ctd`, which does the real work. (3) It can be unspecified, in which case `conductivity` becomes a mandatory argument, because it will be needed for computing actual salinity, using `swSCTp`.

`temperature` | in-situ temperature [^\circ degC], defined on the ITS-90 scale; see “Temperature units” in the documentation for `swRho`.
`pressure` | Vector of pressure values, one for each `salinity` and `temperature` pair, or just a single pressure, which is repeated to match the length of `salinity`.
`conductivity` | electrical conductivity ratio through the water column (optional). To convert from raw conductivity in milliSeimens per centimeter divide by 42.914 to get conductivity ratio (see Culkin and Smith, 1980).
`scan` | optional scan number. If not provided, this will be set to `1:length(salinity)`.
`time` | optional vector of times of observation
`other` | optional list of other data columns that are not in the standard list
`units` | an optional list containing units. If not supplied, defaults are set for `pressure`, `temperature`, `salinity`, and `conductivity`. Since these are simply guesses, users are advised strongly to supply `units`. See “Examples”.
`flags` | if supplied, this is a `list` containing data-quality flags. The elements of this list must have names that match the data provided to the object.
`missingValue` | optional missing value, indicating data that should be taken as `NA`. Set to `NULL` to turn off this feature.
`type` | optional type of CTD, e.g. "SBE"
`serialNumber` | optional serial number of instrument
`ship` | optional string containing the ship from which the observations were made.
`cruise` | optional string containing a cruise identifier.
`station` | optional string containing a station identifier.
`startTime` | optional indication of the start time for the profile, which is used in some several plotting functions. This is best given as a `POSIXt` time, but it may also be a character string that can be converted to a time with `as.POSIXct`, using `UTC` as the timezone.
`longitude` | optional numerical value containing longitude in decimal degrees, positive in the eastern hemisphere. If this is a single number, then it is stored in the `metadata` slot of the returned value; if it is a vector of numbers, they are stored in `data` and a mean value is stored in `metadata`.
`latitude` | optional numerical value containing the latitude in decimal degrees, positive in the northern hemisphere. See the note on length, for the `longitude` argument.

`deploymentType`

character string indicating the type of deployment. Use `"unknown"` if this is not known, `"profile"` for a profile (in which the data were acquired during a downcast, while the device was lowered into the water column, perhaps also including an upcast; `"moored"` if the device is installed on a fixed mooring, `"thermosalinograph"` (or `"tsg"`) if the device is mounted on a moving vessel, to record near-surface properties, or `"towyo"` if the device is repeatedly lowered and raised.

`pressureAtmospheric` | A numerical value (a constant or a vector), that is subtracted from pressure before storing it in the return value. (This altered pressure is also used in calculating `salinity`, if that is to be computed from `conductivity`, etc., using `swSCTp` (see `salinity` above).
`sampleInterval` | optional numerical value indicating the time between samples in the profile.
`profile` | optional positive integer specifying the number of the profile to extract from an object that has data in matrices, such as for some `argo` objects. Currently the `profile` argument is only utilized for `argo-class` objects.

`debug`

an integer specifying whether debugging information is to be printed during the processing. This is a general parameter that is used by many `oce` functions. Generally, setting `debug=0` turns off the printing, while higher values suggest that more information be printed. If one function calls another, it usually reduces the value of `debug` first, so that a user can often obtain deeper debugging by specifying higher `debug` values.

### Details

If the first argument is an `rsk-class` object, the pressure it contains may need to be adjusted, because `rsk` objects may contain either absolute pressure or sea pressure. This adjustment is handled automatically by `as.ctd`, by examination of the metadata item named `pressureType` (described in the documentation for `read.rsk`). Once the sea pressure is determined, adjustments may be made with the `pressureAtmospheric` argument, although in that case it is better considered a pressure adjustment than the atmospheric pressure.

`rsk-class` objects may store sea pressure or absolute pressure (the sum of sea pressure and atmospheric pressure), depending on how the object was created with `as.rsk` or `read.rsk`. However, `ctd-class` objects store sea pressure, which is needed for plotting, calculating density, etc. This poses no difficulities, however, because `as.ctd` automatically converts absolute pressure to sea pressure, if the metadata in the `rsk-class` object indicates that this is appropriate. Further alteration of the pressure can be accomplished with the `pressureAtmospheric` argument, as noted above.

### Value

An object of `ctd-class`.

### Author(s)

Dan Kelley

### References

Culkin, F., and Norman D. Smith, 1980. Determination of the concentration of potassium chloride solution having the same electrical conductivity, at 15 C and infinite frequency, as standard seawater of salinity 35.0000 ppt (Chlorinity 19.37394 ppt). IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, 5, pp 22-23.

### See Also

Other things related to `ctd` data: `[[,ctd-method`, `[[<-,ctd-method`, `cnvName2oceName`, `ctd-class`, `ctdDecimate`, `ctdFindProfiles`, `ctdRaw`, `ctdTrim`, `ctd`, `handleFlags,ctd-method`, `oceNames2whpNames`, `oceUnits2whpUnits`, `plot,ctd-method`, `plotProfile`, `plotScan`, `plotTS`, `read.ctd.itp`, `read.ctd.odf`, `read.ctd.sbe`, `read.ctd.woce.other`, `read.ctd.woce`, `read.ctd`, `subset,ctd-method`, `summary,ctd-method`, `woceNames2oceNames`, `woceUnit2oceUnit`, `write.ctd`

### Examples

    library(oce)
    ## 1. fake data, with default units
    pressure <- 1:50
    temperature <- 10 - tanh((pressure - 20) / 5) + 0.02*rnorm(50)
    salinity <- 34 + 0.5*tanh((pressure - 20) / 5) + 0.01*rnorm(50)
    ctd <- as.ctd(salinity, temperature, pressure)
    # Add a new column
    fluo <- 5 * exp(-pressure / 20)
    ctd <- oceSetData(ctd, name="fluorescence", value=fluo,
                      unit=list(unit=expression(mg/m^3), scale=""))
    summary(ctd)

    ## 2. fake data, with supplied units (which are the defaults, actually)
    ctd <- as.ctd(salinity, temperature, pressure,
        units=list(salinity=list(unit=expression(), scale="PSS-78"),
        temperature=list(unit=expression(degree*C), scale="ITS-90"),
        pressure=list(unit=expression(dbar), scale="")))

[Package oce version 0.9-22 Index]