cylinder3d {rgl} | R Documentation

## Create cylindrical or "tube" plots.

### Description

This function converts a description of a space curve into a `"mesh3d"` object forming a cylindrical tube around the curve.

### Usage

    cylinder3d(center, radius = 1, twist = 0, e1 = NULL, e2 = NULL, e3 = NULL,
    	sides = 8, section = NULL, closed = 0,
    	rotationMinimizing = is.null(e2) && is.null(e3),
    	debug = FALSE, keepVars = FALSE)

### Arguments

`center` | An n by 3 matrix whose columns are the x, y and z coordinates of the space curve.
`radius` | The radius of the cross-section of the tube at each point in the center.
`twist` | The amount by which the polygon forming the tube is twisted at each point.
`e1, e2, e3` | The local coordinates to use at each point on the space curve. These default to a rotation minimizing frame or Frenet coordinates.
`sides` | The number of sides in the polygon cross section.
`section` | The polygon cross section as a two-column matrix, or `NULL`.
`closed` | Whether to treat the first and last points of the space curve as identical, and close the curve, or put caps on the ends. See the Details.
`rotationMinimizing` | Use a rotation minimizing local frame if `TRUE`, or a Frenet or user-specified frame if `FALSE`.
`debug` | If `TRUE`, plot the local Frenet coordinates at each point.
`keepVars` | If `TRUE`, return the local variables in attribute `"vars"`.

### Details

The number of points in the space curve is determined by the vector lengths in `center`, after using `xyz.coords` to convert it to a list. The other arguments `radius`, `twist`, `e1`, `e2`, and `e3` are extended to the same length.

The `closed` argument controls how the ends of the cylinder are handled. If `closed > 0`, it represents the number of points of overlap in the coordinates. `closed == TRUE` is the same as `closed = 1`. If `closed > 0` but the ends don't actually match, a warning will be given and results will be somewhat unpredictable.

Negative values of `closed` indicate that caps should be put on the ends of the cylinder. If `closed == -1`, a cap will be put on the end corresponding to `center[1, ]`. If `closed == -2`, caps will be put on both ends.

If `section` is `NULL` (the default), a regular `sides`-sided polygon is used, and `radius` measures the distance from the center of the cylinder to each vertex. If not `NULL`, `sides` is ignored (and set internally to `nrow(section)`), and `radius` is used as a multiplier to the vertex coordinates. `twist` specifies the rotation of the polygon. Both `radius` and `twist` may be vectors, with values recycled to the number of rows in `center`, while `sides` and `section` are the same at every point along the curve.

The three optional arguments `e1`, `e2`, and `e3` determine the local coordinate system used to create the vertices at each point in `center`. If missing, they are computed by simple numerical approximations. `e1` should be the tangent coordinate, giving the direction of the curve at the point. The cross-section of the polygon will be orthogonal to `e1`. When `rotationMinimizing` is `TRUE`, `e2` and `e3` are chosen to give a rotation minimizing frame (see Wang et al., 2008). When it is `FALSE`, `e2` defaults to an approximation to the normal or curvature vector; it is used as the image of the `y` axis of the polygon cross-section. `e3` defaults to an approximation to the binormal vector, to which the `x` axis of the polygon maps. The vectors are orthogonalized and normalized at each point.

### Value

A `"mesh3d"` object holding the cylinder, possibly with attribute `"vars"` containing the local environment of the function.

### Author(s)

Duncan Murdoch

### References

Wang, W., Jüttler, B., Zheng, D. and Liu, Y. (2008). Computation of rotation minimizing frames. ACM Transactions on Graphics, Vol. 27, No. 1, Article 2.

### Examples

    # A trefoil knot
    open3d()
    theta <- seq(0, 2*pi, len = 25)
    knot <- cylinder3d(
          center = cbind(
            sin(theta) + 2*sin(2*theta),
            2*sin(3*theta),
            cos(theta) - 2*cos(2*theta)),
          e1 = cbind(
            cos(theta) + 4*cos(2*theta),
            6*cos(3*theta),
            sin(theta) + 4*sin(2*theta)),
          radius = 0.8,
          closed = TRUE)

    shade3d(addNormals(subdivision3d(knot, depth = 2)), col = "green")

[Package rgl version 0.99.16 Index]