loglog {VGAM} | R Documentation

## Log-log Link Function

### Description

Computes the log-log transformation, including its inverse and the first two derivatives.

### Usage

    loglog(theta, bvalue = NULL, inverse = FALSE, deriv = 0,
           short = TRUE, tag = FALSE)

### Arguments

`theta` | Numeric or character. See below for further details.
`bvalue` | Values of `theta` which are less than or equal to 1 can be replaced by `bvalue` before computing the link function value. The component name `bvalue` stands for “boundary value”. See `Links` for more information.
`inverse, deriv, short, tag` | Details at `Links`.

### Details

The log-log link function is commonly used for parameters that are greater than unity. Numerical values of `theta` close to 1 or out of range result in `Inf`, `-Inf`, `NA` or `NaN`.

### Value

For `deriv = 0`, the log of `theta`, i.e., `log(log(theta))` when `inverse = FALSE`, and if `inverse = TRUE` then `exp(exp(theta))`.

For `deriv = 1`, then the function returns d `theta` / d `eta` as a function of `theta` if `inverse = FALSE`, else if `inverse = TRUE` then it returns the reciprocal.

Here, all logarithms are natural logarithms, i.e., to base e.

### Note

Numerical instability may occur when `theta` is close to 1 unless `bvalue` is used.

### Author(s)

Thomas W. Yee

### References

McCullagh, P. and Nelder, J. A. (1989) Generalized Linear Models, 2nd ed. London: Chapman & Hall.

### See Also

`Links`, `loge`, `logoff`.

### Examples

    x <- seq(0.8, 1.5, by = 0.1)
    loglog(x)  # Has NAs
    loglog(x, bvalue = 1.0 + .Machine$double.eps)  # Has no NAs

    x <- seq(1.01, 10, len = 100)
    loglog(x)
    max(abs(loglog(loglog(x), inverse = TRUE) - x))  # Should be 0

[Package VGAM version 1.0-3 Index]